Question 1

Which of the following is true of taste-aversion conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Taste-aversion conditioning can occur even with a long delay between the conditioned stimulus (taste) and the unconditioned stimulus (sickness), which is unusual compared to other forms of conditioning.

Question 2

Hugo has learned to fear the bell on his phone because every time the phone rings a prank caller starts shouting at him. He now finds himself fearful of other bells, like bicycle bells and doorbells. Hugo is affected by stimulus

Accepted Answer

Hugo's fear response to the sound of the bell on his phone has generalized to other similar stimuli like bicycle bells and doorbells, which is an example of stimulus generalization.

Question 3

Talon drank one too many cans of "Jooky" last night. Talon spent the morning vomiting, and now even the smell of Jooky makes Talon nauseous. Talon is experiencing a __________, which can best be explained by __________ conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Talon's nausea in response to the smell of Jooky is an example of taste aversion, which is a form of classical conditioning where a person associates a certain taste or smell with a negative reaction, such as vomiting.

Question 4

Systematic desensitization, which is used to treat phobias, is based on which learning paradigm?

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization is based on classical conditioning, where a person is gradually exposed to the phobic stimulus while being taught relaxation techniques to replace the fear response with a calm response.

Question 5

Betsy wants to train her dog to perform several tricks. She checks out a book on dog training that includes a chapter on how to use classical conditioning. Betsy learns that a dog is least likely to learn a conditioned response when the

Accepted Answer

A conditioned stimulus that predicts many different stimuli can lead to confusion and weaken the association, making it harder for the dog to learn a specific conditioned response.

Question 6

Jon ate a hamburger that was contaminated with nasty bacteria. While eating the burger, Jon was watching an episode of the television show Small Wonder . Jon soon developed an aversion to hamburgers, but not to the television program, because of

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jon ate a hamburger that was contaminated...

Question 7

Keren decides to try cotton candy for the first time. She enjoys it, but unfortunately, later that day Keren comes down with the stomach flu. Now the smell or thought of cotton candy makes her shudder and feel slightly nauseous. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Keren's negative experience with the stomach flu after eating cotton candy has led to a taste aversion. This means that she has associated the taste of cotton candy with feeling sick, causing her to feel nauseous at the thought or smell of it.

Question 8

Ignoring the attention-getting behavior of hyperactive children can be a helpful tool to classroom teachers because often the frequency of the misbehavior will decrease and even stop. What operant conditioning process does this technique utilize?

Accepted Answer

Ignoring the attention-getting behavior is an example of extinction, where the reinforcement (attention) is removed, leading to a decrease in the behavior.

Question 9

Veronica is deathly afraid of pink highlighters. To overcome her highlighter phobia, Veronica saw a therapist who helped her apply progressive relaxation techniques so that she could countercondition her fear into a relaxation response. This technique, which is highly effective in the treatment of phobias, is called

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization is a therapeutic technique used to help individuals overcome phobias by gradually exposing them to the feared object or situation while teaching them relaxation techniques to counteract the fear response.

Question 10

Whenever your English teacher is giving a quiz, he carries the copies of the quiz into the room in a black box, and you react with anticipation. If he walks into the room with any other color box, you know that it is not a quiz and feel no anticipation. This illustrates the concept of stimulus

Accepted Answer

This scenario illustrates stimulus discrimination, where a specific stimulus (the black box) is associated with a particular response (anticipation of a quiz), while other stimuli (boxes of different colors) do not trigger the same response.

Question 11

Charlie Parker has experienced several pairings of electric shock with the Debbie Gibson song "Reverse Psychology" and has been successfully conditioned to react with anxiety to the song. Now, instead of being paired with the shock, the song is paired with a flashing green light (a previously neutral stimulus). If Charlie still reacts with anxiety when the green light is flashed without the song, he will have

Accepted Answer

Higher-order conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus, and the neutral stimulus eventually elicits the conditioned response on its own. In this case, the green light becomes a new conditioned stimulus that elicits anxiety, even without the song.

Question 12

Nic is terrified of going to the dentist office because of the discomfort and pain he has experienced before. The last time Nic had a tooth pulled, his eyes were locked onto his dentist's white coat. Now when Nic sees someone in a white coat, he becomes afraid because the white coat predicts the experience of pain. This example demonstrates

Accepted Answer

This example demonstrates stimulus generalization, where Nic's fear response to the dentist's white coat has generalized to other white coats, causing him to feel afraid when he sees anyone in a white coat.

Question 13

Young Eli is very afraid of the low rumbling of thunder, but he does not get scared when the treadmill downstairs causes a similar rumbling sound that echoes through the house. His ability to separate his response to different stimuli demonstrates

Accepted Answer

Eli's ability to respond differently to the sound of thunder and the treadmill indicates stimulus discrimination, where he distinguishes between two similar stimuli and reacts differently to each.

Question 14

A natural tendency to link certain stimuli with other stimuli (or responses)is called ________.

Accepted Answer

Biopreparedness refers to the natural tendency of organisms to form associations between certain stimuli and responses, often due to evolutionary adaptations.

Question 15

After learning about Pavlov in class, Wendy wanted to condition her own dog, Beelzebub, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Which of the following would be the most effective method for Wendy to use to produce a strong conditioned response in Beelzebub?

Accepted Answer

The answer of After learning about Pavlov in class, Wendy...

Question 16

Throughout her childhood, Cheyvonne learned that if someone flushes a toilet while she is in the shower, she will get burned by a burst of hot water. So, when at home, she would always jump back if she heard a toilet while she was showering. As an adult, she does not do this in her own home but does do it when she goes to visit her parents in their house. This demonstrates stimulus

Accepted Answer

Cheyvonne's behavior shows discrimination because she differentiates between the plumbing systems in her own home and her parents' house, responding only in the latter situation.

Question 17

While watching his favorite television show at a friend's house, Chiane is served nachos with jalapeno peppers. Chiane doesn't know that he has already contracted a stomach virus, and later that night, he begins vomiting violently. For several months after this, he cannot eat nachos or anything with jalapeno peppers. This is a demonstration of

Accepted Answer

Chiane's inability to eat nachos or jalapeno peppers after associating them with his illness is an example of a taste aversion, where a person avoids a food that they associate with a negative experience like nausea or vomiting.

Question 18

Just before being attacked by a mugger while jogging, David had been listening to a saxophone player, watching a mime artist, and smelling the newly mown grass. According to the textbook, which of these stimuli is most likely to become a conditioned stimulus for fear?

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus for fear is most likely to be the stimulus that David's attention was focused on at the time of the attack, as attention plays a crucial role in the conditioning process.

Question 19

While out at the shopping mall, Adrienna sees a friend of hers across the food court, waves at her and yells, "Hey Brianna!" When the woman turns around, Adrienna realizes that it is not Brianna, but only looked very much like her. This response to a similar stimulus may remind you of the concept of

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization occurs when a response is elicited by stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus, as Adrienna mistook the woman for her friend Brianna due to their similar appearance.

Question 20

Han is fearful of the powerful Jabba. Han becomes fearful when he hears Jabba's low voice, but lately he becomes fearful when he hears any low rumbling voice. What phenomenon best explains Han's tendency to become fearful when hearing any low voice?

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization occurs when a response is elicited by stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus, in this case, any low rumbling voice similar to Jabba's.

Quiz 5: Learning