Question 1

What causal explanation of white-collar crime states that some organizations promote criminal enterprise in the same way that lower-class culture encourages the development of juvenile gangs and street crime?

Accepted Answer

The cultural view of white-collar crime suggests that some organizations have a culture that promotes or condones criminal behavior, similar to how certain lower-class cultures may encourage the formation of juvenile gangs and street crime. This perspective emphasizes the role of organizational and subcultural norms and values in facilitating white-collar crime.

Question 2

One method of controlling white-collar crime is through the use of compliance strategies. How do compliance strategies work?

Accepted Answer

Compliance strategies work by encouraging law conformity without the need for individual violator detection or punishment, requiring cooperation and self-policing from businesses, and offering economic incentives for legal compliance.

Question 3

Which scheme involves private investors taking only  wealthy clients?

Accepted Answer

Hedge-fund fraud involves private investors who typically target wealthy clients, promising high returns through complex investment strategies.

Question 4

Corporations can circumvent economic sanctions by:

Accepted Answer

Corporations may attempt to avoid the impact of economic sanctions by relocating their activities that violate these sanctions to countries where such sanctions do not apply or are not enforced. This allows them to continue their operations without directly violating the sanctions.

Question 5

Crips, Bloods, and the MS-13 are now referred to as:

Accepted Answer

These gangs have evolved beyond their local origins to have a significant presence in multiple countries, making them transnational in their operations and influence, thus the term "transnational mega-gangs" applies.

Question 6

The United States is estimated to purchase approximately _____ percent of all illegal wildlife and wildlife products on the global market.

Accepted Answer

The United States is estimated to purchase approximately 20 percent of all illegal wildlife and wildlife products on the global market.

Question 7

Several Mexican drug cartels have formed known alliance known as the:

Accepted Answer

The Federation is a term used to describe an alliance formed by several Mexican drug cartels.

Question 8

Which Act requires companies to disclose information about toxic chemicals they release into the air and water?

Accepted Answer

The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) requires companies to report the storage, use, and releases of hazardous substances to federal, state, and local governments. This includes information about toxic chemicals released into the air and water, aiming to increase public knowledge and access to information on chemicals at individual facilities, their uses, and releases into the environment.

Question 9

Which Act establishes standards for U.S. water quality and purity?

Accepted Answer

The Clean Water Act is the primary federal law in the United States governing water pollution. It establishes the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into the waters of the United States and regulating quality standards for surface waters.

Question 10

In 1970, Congress passed the Organized Crime Control Act. Title IX of the act, probably its most effective measure, is the:

Accepted Answer

Title IX of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 is known as the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act. This legislation was designed to combat organized crime in the United States by enabling the prosecution of criminal organizations for the actions of their members.

Question 11

Which of the following involves systematic theft of company property by employees?

Accepted Answer

Pilferage refers to the systematic theft of company property by employees, typically involving small, low-value items taken over time.

Question 12

Failing to pay taxes on time and report income are examples of which type of tax fraud?

Accepted Answer

Passive neglect refers to the failure to fulfill tax obligations, such as not paying taxes on time or failing to report income, without actively attempting to deceive or defraud the tax authorities.

Question 13

Which scheme involves telling victims that certain financial instruments have been issued by legitimate organizations, and that those investments are high-payoff and low-risk?

Accepted Answer

Prime bank investment fraud involves scammers telling victims that they have access to a secretive and exclusive investment opportunity with high returns and low risk, often falsely claiming these opportunities are with world's top banks.

Question 14

Most businesses in Russia, whether legal, quasilegal, or illegal, must operate with the protection of a:

Accepted Answer

Krysha, which translates to "roof" in Russian, is a term used to describe the protection or backing, often by powerful figures or organized crime, that businesses in Russia might seek for security and to operate smoothly within the complex legal and extralegal landscape.

Question 15

Which of the following is the routine practice of paying radio stations to play particular songs?

Accepted Answer

Payola refers to the practice of paying radio stations or their employees to play specific songs without disclosing the payment to listeners, essentially making the song seem more popular than it might actually be.

Question 16

____________________is a form of organized crime operating across national borders.

Accepted Answer

Transnational organized crime refers to criminal activities that are planned and executed across national borders, involving groups or networks of individuals working in more than one country.

Question 17

Why do deterrence strategies typically work when combating white-collar crime?

Accepted Answer

White-collar crime is often considered a rational act, committed after weighing the potential benefits against the risks. Deterrence strategies, such as the threat of legal penalties, can effectively discourage such rational actors by increasing the perceived risks associated with committing the crime.

Question 18

The Oil Pollution Act was enacted after the:

Accepted Answer

The Oil Pollution Act was enacted in response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989, which was a major environmental disaster that prompted the United States government to take stronger action against oil pollution.

Question 19

What causal explanation of white-collar crime states that the motives that produce white-collar crimes are the same as those that produce any other criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

The self-control view suggests that the motives behind white-collar crimes are similar to those behind other types of criminal behavior, emphasizing a lack of self-control as a key factor.

Question 20

Compliance strategies are often viewed as "slaps on the wrist." In their place, deterrence strategies have become the normative approach to controlling white-collar offenders. Why is the tide turning from compliance to deterrence?

Accepted Answer

Public displeasure and a growing awareness of the damage caused by white-collar criminals have led to a shift from compliance to deterrence strategies.

Quiz 13: Enterprise Crime: White-Collar, Green-Collar, and Transnational Organized Crime