Question 1

Which of the following is associated with increased student achievement?
A) Teachers' basic skills - especially verbal ability
B) Teachers having a major or minor in the subject they teach
C) The percentage of undergraduate classes taken at the 400 level
D) The teacher's family socio-economic status
E) Teacher's basic skills, especially verbal ability, and having a major or minor in the subject they teach

Accepted Answer

Research and studies in education have shown that teachers' qualifications, including their verbal ability and their content knowledge in the subject they teach, are positively associated with student achievement. Teachers who are proficient in their subject matter and have strong basic skills, particularly in verbal ability, are better equipped to convey complex concepts, engage students, and adapt their teaching strategies to meet students' needs.

Question 2

Which of the following would best describe the cognitive perspective on learning?
A) Learning is demonstrated by changes in behavior.
B) Learning is based on the computerized information processing model.
C) Learning is built using existing knowledge that guides and scaffolds new learning.
D) Learning is best exemplified in a whole language approach to teaching.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive perspective emphasizes the role of mental processes and existing knowledge in learning, where new information is integrated with what is already known.

Question 3

Which of the following would not be considered a cognitive instructional practice?
A) Using operant conditioning
B) Offering opportunities for students to use both verbal stories and visual images
C) Focusing on meaning to the student and not memorization
D) Providing students with opportunities to learn meaningful and relevant vocabulary to build background knowledge
E) Providing for review and repetition of information in varied ways

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is a behaviorist approach focusing on the use of rewards and punishments to modify behavior, rather than a cognitive approach that emphasizes understanding, processing, and using information in meaningful ways.

Question 4

According to the text, which of the following is not a factor in planning and preparing for teaching?
A) Knowing content and pedagogy
B) Knowing your students
C) Selecting instructional outcomes
D) Designing coherent instruction
E) Designing student assessments
F) Developing "withitness"

Accepted Answer

Developing "withitness" is more related to classroom management and the ability to maintain an effective learning environment rather than the planning and preparation phase of teaching. Planning and preparation typically involve understanding the content, knowing the students, selecting outcomes, designing instruction, and planning assessments.

Question 5

Robert Marzano identified instructional strategies that increase student achievement. Which of the following was associated with the largest student percentile point gain?
A) Reinforcing effort and providing recognition
B) Graphic organizers
C) Identifying similarities and differences
D) Homework and practice

Accepted Answer

Identifying similarities and differences is associated with the largest student percentile point gain according to Robert Marzano's research on instructional strategies. This strategy helps students understand and remember new information by relating it to what they already know.

Question 6

Which of the following would best describe the constructivist perspective on learning?
A) Learning is a self-regulated process of resolving inner conflicts by making meaningful connections between familiar knowledge and beliefs and the new information.
B) Learning is best promoted by direct instruction.
C) Learning is best promoted when using crossbeams, girders, joists, and trusses.
D) Learning is best defined by Piaget's hierarchy of needs.

Accepted Answer

The constructivist perspective on learning emphasizes that individuals construct knowledge and meaning from their experiences. It suggests that learning is an active, self-regulated process where learners integrate new information with existing knowledge and beliefs, often through resolving conflicts between them, which aligns with option A. Options B, C, and D do not accurately reflect the constructivist view. Direct instruction (B) is more aligned with behaviorist theories, C is unrelated to learning theories and seems to refer to construction materials, and D incorrectly attributes Maslow's hierarchy of needs to Piaget, who is known for his theory of cognitive development, not a hierarchy of needs.

Question 7

Which of the following would not be considered a behaviorist instructional practice?
A) Setting clear and specific goals so you know what you want to reinforce
B) Attributing student success to effort and ability to build persistence and confidence
C) Using a variety of reinforcers and let the students select from among them
D) Adapting the consequence to fit the misbehavior
E) Bringing pigeons to class

Accepted Answer

Behaviorist instructional practices focus on observable behaviors and their modification through reinforcement or punishment. Bringing pigeons to class does not align with behaviorist principles of instruction, which typically involve setting goals, using reinforcers, and adapting consequences to behaviors. This choice seems unrelated to the principles of behaviorism as applied in educational settings.

Question 8

Understanding the value of good questioning, which of the following might be considered the poorest question related to Goldilocks and the Three Bears?
A) Who was Goldilocks and why was a little girl like her walking alone in the woods?
B) How many bears were there in the story and who were they?
C) How would the story have been different if everything were just right the first time she tried something?
D) Is the story a true one?

Accepted Answer

D is the poorest question because it focuses on the reality of the story, which is clearly a fictional tale, rather than exploring its themes, characters, or moral lessons.

Question 9

Formative assessments are best defined as
A) The final assessment for a learning activity that results in a grade
B) The mid-point assessment in a learning activity that results in a partial grade for the subject
C) Ongoing assessments designed to monitor how well students are learning material associated with an activity and provide students feedback
D) Ongoing assessments designed to determine what the final grade should be after the feedback has been provided

Accepted Answer

Formative assessments are ongoing assessments that aim to monitor student learning and provide feedback to improve teaching and learning processes. They are not primarily focused on grading but on understanding and improving educational outcomes.

Question 10

In questioning techniques, wait time is best described as
A) The interval teachers allow once a student begins answering a question and the time allowed to complete the answer
B) The interval teachers give after asking a question and before allowing students to respond that allows students to process the information
C) The interval between the time a student answers the question and the teacher's response to the answer
D) Abstinence

Accepted Answer

Wait time refers to the pause a teacher intentionally takes after asking a question and before calling on a student to answer. This pause gives all students adequate time to think about the question and formulate their responses, leading to more thoughtful and comprehensive answers.

Question 11

Which of the following would not be considered a constructivist instructional practice?
A) Providing students with a variety of information resources and tools necessary to advance learning
B) Using a variety of assessment strategies to understand how students' ideas are evolving and to give feedback on the processes and products of student thinking
C) Asking students to apply knowledge in diverse and authentic contexts
D) Building a tool shed in shop class

Accepted Answer

Constructivist instructional practices focus on creating learning environments where students construct their own understanding and knowledge of the subject through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. Building a tool shed in shop class, while hands-on, does not inherently involve the reflective, inquiry-based, or student-centered learning processes typical of constructivism unless it is explicitly designed to include these elements.

Question 12

Which learning method has the greatest percentage of information retained by students?
A) Lecture
B) Reading along with the lecture
C) Audiovisual presentations
D) Learning by teaching others
E) Learning by doing
F) Discussion groups

Accepted Answer

Learning by teaching others is often considered one of the most effective methods for retaining information because it requires a deep understanding of the material to explain it clearly to others.

Question 13

Research from Texas and Tennessee found that three consecutive years with effective versus ineffective teachers
A) Can make students' achievement appear to be either gifted or remedial
B) Can produce a 35 point difference in reading achievement
C) Can produce more than a 50 point difference in math achievement
D) None are true
E) All are true

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that having effective teachers for three consecutive years can significantly impact students' academic achievement, making it appear as if they are either gifted or in need of remedial support. This impact is quantified as a 35-point difference in reading achievement and more than a 50-point difference in math achievement.

Question 14

Linda Darling-Hammond's research shows that teacher preparation accounts for what percentage of the total achievement differences after considering students' ethnicity and family wealth?
A) 10-25%
B) 20-35%
C) 30-40%
D) 40-60%
E) 60-70%

Accepted Answer

Linda Darling-Hammond's research indicates that teacher preparation is a significant factor in student achievement, accounting for 40-60% of the total achievement differences when controlling for factors like students' ethnicity and family wealth. This highlights the critical role of quality teacher education in influencing educational outcomes.

Question 15

According to the text, which of the following is not a factor associated with building a receptive classroom environment?
A) Knowing content and pedagogy
B) Creating an environment of respect and rapport
C) Establishing a classroom culture for learning
D) Managing classroom procedures

Accepted Answer

Knowing content and pedagogy is primarily about the teacher's mastery of the subject and teaching methods, not directly about creating a receptive classroom environment, which involves social and emotional aspects such as respect, rapport, and a culture for learning.

Question 16

Which one of the following instructional strategies that increase student achievement had twice the percentile point gain of questions, cues, and advance organizers?
A) Identifying similarities and differences
B) Setting objectives and providing feedback
C) Cooperative learning
D) Generating and testing hypotheses

Accepted Answer

Identifying similarities and differences is an instructional strategy that has been shown to significantly increase student achievement, with research indicating it can lead to a percentile gain roughly twice that of strategies like questions, cues, and advance organizers. This approach encourages students to engage deeply with the material by comparing, contrasting, classifying, and creating metaphors and analogies.

Question 17

Which of the following would best describe the behavioral perspective on learning?
A) Learning is brought about by operant conditioning.
B) Learning is demonstrated in observable changes in behaviors, skills, and habits.
C) Learning is defined through the internal mental activities of thinking, remembering, creating, and problem solving.
D) Learning is accomplished by rewards and punishments.

Accepted Answer

Learning is demonstrated in observable changes in behaviors, skills, and habits.

Question 18

Understanding the value of good questioning, which of the following might be considered the most effective question?
A) When did the United States invade Iraq?
B) Why did the United States invade Iraq in March, 2003?
C) What lessons did we learn from the Iraq War?
D) Do you feel the Iraq War has had any effect on Arab-U.S. relations today? Why or why not and what are the most important effects?

Accepted Answer

D is the most effective question because it encourages critical thinking, requires a comprehensive answer that reflects understanding and analysis, and invites the respondent to consider both current impacts and reasons, making it more open-ended and thought-provoking than the other options.

Question 19

Linda Darling-Hammond's research shows that teachers' instructional preparation is a stronger correlate of student achievement than
A) Class size
B) Overall spending
C) Teacher salaries
D) All are correct
E) None are correct

Accepted Answer

Linda Darling-Hammond's research indicates that the quality of teachers' instructional preparation is more strongly correlated with student achievement than factors such as class size, overall spending, or teacher salaries. This underscores the importance of investing in high-quality teacher education and professional development.

Question 20

Value-added studies in education are best described as
A) A research design that seeks to hire excellent teachers at a low salary and determine how they fare in the classroom
B) A research design where students are randomly assigned to teachers' classrooms and the teachers of selected students are told that the IQ of each student in the room exceeds 130 and then determining if those teachers worked more effectively with the students
C) A statistical technique that uses student achievement data over time to measure learning gains and estimate the impact that teachers and schools have on student learning apart from family and socioeconomic background
D) A statistical technique that measures student achievement over time where students are told that selected teachers are "the best in the school" and other students are told their teachers "are among the worst in the school," and determining the effect on student achievement of the value students place on their teachers

Accepted Answer

Value-added studies in education focus on measuring the impact that teachers and schools have on student learning over time, controlling for factors like family and socioeconomic background. This approach allows for a more accurate assessment of educational effectiveness.

Quiz 13: Instruction

Which of the following is associated with increased student achievement?

Which of the following would best describe the cognitive perspective on learning?

Which of the following would not be considered a cognitive instructional practice?

According to the text, which of the following is not a factor in planning and preparing for teaching?

Robert Marzano identified instructional strategies that increase student achievement. Which of the following was associated with the largest student percentile point gain?

Which of the following would best describe the constructivist perspective on learning?

Which of the following would not be considered a behaviorist instructional practice?

Understanding the value of good questioning, which of the following might be considered the poorest question related to Goldilocks and the Three Bears?

Formative assessments are best defined as

In questioning techniques, wait time is best described as

Which of the following would not be considered a constructivist instructional practice?

Which learning method has the greatest percentage of information retained by students?

Research from Texas and Tennessee found that three consecutive years with effective versus ineffective teachers

Linda Darling-Hammond's research shows that teacher preparation accounts for what percentage of the total achievement differences after considering students' ethnicity and family wealth?

According to the text, which of the following is not a factor associated with building a receptive classroom environment?

Which one of the following instructional strategies that increase student achievement had twice the percentile point gain of questions, cues, and advance organizers?

Which of the following would best describe the behavioral perspective on learning?

Understanding the value of good questioning, which of the following might be considered the most effective question?

Linda Darling-Hammond's research shows that teachers' instructional preparation is a stronger correlate of student achievement than

Value-added studies in education are best described as