Question 1

According of Farrington, ____________ involves passive obedience to the demands of others, such as submitting to physical or sexual abuse without response.

Accepted Answer

Submission involves passive obedience to the demands of others, such as submitting to physical or sexual abuse without response.

Question 2

High levels of coercion produce criminality. Coercion that involves pressures beyond an individual's control, such as economic and social pressure caused by unemployment or poverty, is termed:

Accepted Answer

Impersonal coercion refers to pressures that are beyond an individual's control, such as economic and social pressures like unemployment or poverty.

Question 3

The general theory of crime identifies five life domains that shape how an individual reacts to constraints and motivations. Which of these is not a life domain?

Accepted Answer

The four life domains in the general theory of crime are self, family, school, and peers/community. Religion is not considered a specific life domain in this theory.

Question 4

Most offenders' antisocial behavior peaks during adolescence and then diminishes as they mature until around the age of 18. These offenders are known as:

Accepted Answer

Adolescent-limiteds are individuals who engage in antisocial behavior during adolescence but typically desist as they mature into adulthood. This is in contrast to life course persisters, who continue to engage in criminal behavior throughout their lives, and social-persisters, who display antisocial behavior in a variety of contexts beyond adolescence. Adolescent-diminishers is not a recognized term in the field of criminology.

Question 5

According to latent trait theories, why are people who are antisocial during adolescence the most likely to persist in crime?

Accepted Answer

Latent trait theories suggest that certain criminal tendencies or traits, such as impulsivity or low self-control, are stable and relatively unchanging throughout an individual's life. This means that individuals who exhibit antisocial behavior during adolescence are likely to continue to do so into adulthood due to their underlying traits.

Question 6

Gottfredson and Hirschi trace the root cause of poor self-control to inadequate:

Accepted Answer

Gottfredson and Hirschi argue that poor self-control is a result of improper child-rearing practices, such as inconsistent discipline or lack of supervision, which fail to instill the necessary self-discipline in individuals.

Question 7

Which of the following is a stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition, present at birth or soon after, that makes some people crime prone over the life course.

Accepted Answer

A latent trait is a stable characteristic present at birth or soon after that can make individuals more prone to criminal behavior throughout their life.

Question 8

The pathway of crime that begins at an early age with stubborn behavior leading to deviance and then to authority avoidance is known as:

Accepted Answer

The authority conflict pathway describes a sequence where early stubborn behavior progresses to defiance and eventually to avoiding authority, often leading to more serious delinquent acts.

Question 9

What theory, developed by Gottfredson and Hirschi, considers the criminal offender and the criminal act as separate concepts?

Accepted Answer

The theory developed by Gottfredson and Hirschi is the General Theory of Crime (also known as self-control theory) which considers the criminal offender and criminal act as separate concepts. It posits that all crime is a result of low self-control, which is developed in early childhood due to poor child-rearing practices. The theory argues that criminal offenders have a low sense of self-control, which makes them more likely to engage in criminal acts.

Question 10

Gottfredson and Hirschi identify people with limited self-control as tending to be:

Accepted Answer

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory of self-control, those with limited self-control tend to be impulsive, unable to delay gratification, and prone to risk-taking behavior. This lack of self-control can lead to a range of negative outcomes, including criminal behavior.

Question 11

Positive relations with individuals and institutions that are life sustaining are known as:

Accepted Answer

Positive relations with individuals and institutions that are life-sustaining are known as social capital. Social connections refer to any type of relationship or tie between individuals, while antisocial bonds refer to negative or harmful connections. Turning points refer to specific events or experiences that can shape an individual's trajectory.

Question 12

According to Farrington,___________challenges control mechanisms but stops short of physical harm: for example, vandalism, curfew violations, and unconventional sex.

Accepted Answer

Defiance refers to behaviors that challenge authority or control mechanisms without causing physical harm, such as vandalism or curfew violations.

Question 13

A stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition present at birth or established early in life that makes some people crime-prone over the life course is known as a/an:

Accepted Answer

A latent trait is a stable characteristic or condition present at birth or established early in life that can predispose individuals to criminal behavior throughout their life course.

Question 14

The pathway of crime that begins with bullying and annoying others and then escalates to physical fighting and violence is known as:

Accepted Answer

The overt pathway is characterized by aggressive acts that escalate from bullying and annoying others to physical fighting and violence.

Question 15

According Farrington, ____________involves direct forms of physical violence, such as robbery, sexual assault, or other forms of assault.

Accepted Answer

Predation involves direct forms of physical violence, such as robbery, sexual assault, or other forms of assault, as described by Farrington.

Question 16

An inclination or tendency to behave in a particular way is called a/an:

Accepted Answer

A propensity is an inclination or natural tendency to behave in a particular way.

Question 17

_____ is a crime-reducing social event. Research proves it to be a key element of social capital and informal social control that allows offenders to lead more conventional lifestyles.

Accepted Answer

Marriage is a crime-reducing social event, as it provides social capital and informal social control that lead offenders to lead more conventional lifestyles. Research has shown that married men are less likely to engage in criminal activities than single men.

Question 18

What is known about the marriage factor and crime?

Accepted Answer

Marriage is associated with reduced criminal behavior, providing stability, and potentially benefiting future generations.

Question 19

One of the small group of offenders whose criminal career continues well into adulthood.

Accepted Answer

Life course persisters are individuals whose criminal behavior continues into adulthood, unlike other offenders who may desist as they mature.

Question 20

According to research on persistence patterns, _______ traits rather than environmental traits seem to have the greatest influence on life course persistence.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that individual traits such as grit, self-control, and resilience have a greater influence on life course persistence than any other factors such as social, economic, or family traits. Individuals who have high levels of these traits are more likely to persevere through challenges and achieve their goals, regardless of their external circumstances.

Quiz 9: Developmental Theories Life Course Latent Trait and Trajectory