Question 1

Martha is two years old. She claims that the moon plays peekaboo with her and often hides behind the clouds. In this scenario, Martha is displaying _____.
A) animism
B) artificialism
C) latency
D) class inclusion

Accepted Answer

Martha is displaying animism, which is the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as emotions or intentions. In this case, she believes the moon can play games with her.

Question 2

Which of the following factors influences cognitive development in early childhood?
A) Mental disorders
B) Preschool education
C) Psychological conditioning
D) Philosophical reasoning

Accepted Answer

Preschool education is a type of early childhood education that provides children with opportunities to learn and develop in a variety of areas, including cognitive development.

Question 3

Four-year-old Jason says that he has to go out and play in the garden since there is bright light outside, while the light is actually because of a glowing bulb and not because of the sun. Jason is displaying _____.
A) fast mapping
B) transductive reasoning
C) animism
D) artificialism

Accepted Answer

Transductive reasoning is a type of thought process that occurs when a child reasons from specific to specific, making connections between two or more events that occur simultaneously or in close succession without understanding the causal relationship between them. In this scenario, Jason assumes that because there is bright light, it must be time to play outside, typically associating bright light with daytime and outdoor play without understanding the actual source of the light. This exemplifies transductive reasoning, where he connects the presence of light directly with the activity of playing outside, without considering the true cause of the light.

Question 4

Which of the following is true of inner speech?
A) It is proof that cognitive development precedes language development.
B) It is proof that language development precedes cognitive development.
C) It is the ultimate binding of language and thought.
D) It is the conversation that a child has with his or her imaginary playmate.

Accepted Answer

Inner speech represents the intertwining of language and thought, where thought becomes verbal and language becomes a tool for thought, reflecting the complex relationship between cognitive processes and linguistic structures.

Question 5

Which of the following is true of transductive reasoning?
A) It involves reasoning by going from one isolated event to another.
B) It involves reasoning by looking into multiple events together.
C) It involves reasoning by going to only the most complicated event among a group of events.
D) It involves reasoning by looking into similar, related events.

Accepted Answer

Transductive reasoning involves making inferences from one specific observation to another specific observation, often without considering a general rule or principle that applies to both situations. This type of reasoning is common in early childhood, where children may not yet be able to think abstractly or apply broad rules across different contexts.

Question 6

Class inclusion tasks are difficult for a preoperational child because _______.
A) it requires the child to have the ability of seriation.
B) the child unnecessarily compares various subclasses of information.
C) it requires the child to focus on two aspects of a situation at once.
D) the child focuses on assigning one item to a category at a time.

Accepted Answer

Class inclusion tasks are challenging for preoperational children because they demand the ability to consider two aspects of a situation simultaneously, such as understanding that a dog is both an animal and a dog at the same time, which is a cognitive ability that develops with age.

Question 7

Which of the following is true of children's zone of proximal development?
A) It refers to an area in which children develop new cognitive skills as a function of working with more skilled people.
B) It refers to an area in which children develop new cognitive skills through self-learning.
C) It refers to an area in which children develop their drawing skills on their own with the passage of time.

Accepted Answer

The zone of proximal development is a concept introduced by psychologist Lev Vygotsky. It describes the difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner. Thus, option A is correct as it accurately reflects Vygotsky's theory that children develop new cognitive skills through interaction with more skilled individuals.

Question 8

Which of the following is a difference between scripts and episodic memory?
A) Scripts are accounts of specific events, while episodic memories are accounts of repeated events.
B) Scripts are rarely recollected in adulthood, while episodic memories are recollected in adulthood.
C) Scripts are orderly accounts of information, while episodic memories are abstract accounts of information.
D) Scripts are coherent in nature, while episodic memories are generalized accounts of information.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is a difference...

Question 9

Caitlin thinks that all people love dolls because she loves dolls. Caitlin is displaying _____.
A) egocentrism
B) sociocentrism
C) symbolic thinking
D) cognitive flexibility

Accepted Answer

Caitlin is displaying egocentrism, which is the inability to differentiate between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective. This is a common characteristic in early childhood development according to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Question 10

A preoperational child fails to show conservation because _______.
A) of the irreversibility of a process.
B) of the lack of egocentrism.
C) conservation requires the ability to focus on just one aspect of a situation at once.
D) a preoperational child focuses on more than one dimension at a time.

Accepted Answer

Conservation refers to the understanding that certain properties of objects or substances remain unchanged even when their appearance changes. Preoperational children, typically between the ages of 2 and 7, fail to show conservation because they do not yet understand the concept of reversibility, which is the ability to recognize that actions can be reversed, returning to the original state. This cognitive limitation is a hallmark of the preoperational stage of development according to Jean Piaget's theory.

Question 11

Unlike children who do not have imaginary companions, children with imaginary companions _______.
A) are more aggressive.
B) are less cooperative.
C) show low levels of creativity.
D) show more advancement in language development.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Unlike children who do not have imaginary...

Question 12

Conservation is the understanding that _______.
A) parents are aware of everything happening to their children, even when they are not present.
B) properties of objects remain the same, even if you change their superficial characteristics.
C) one's perspective is the same as other people's perspective, irrespective of the situation.
D) environmental features, such as mountains and thunder, have been designed and created by people.

Accepted Answer

Conservation refers to the cognitive understanding that the properties of objects (such as mass, volume, and number) remain the same despite changes in the forms or arrangements of the objects. This concept is a key stage in cognitive development according to Jean Piaget's theory.

Question 13

Janet is learning how to ride a tricycle. For the most part, she is able do it by herself. When she finds pedaling too difficult, her father pushes the tricycle for her. Which of the following cognitive development techniques is used by Janet's father?
A) Fast mapping
B) Scaffolding
C) Contrast assumption
D) Rehearsal

Accepted Answer

Scaffolding is a technique where a more knowledgeable other provides assistance to the learner at times of need, gradually reducing the support as the learner becomes more competent, which is what Janet's father is doing by pushing the tricycle when she finds pedaling difficult.

Question 14

The use of symbols to represent objects and relationships among them best characterizes _______.
A) deductive thought
B) inductive thought
C) preoperational thought
D) postoperational thought

Accepted Answer

The use of symbols to represent objects and relationships among them is a hallmark of preoperational thought, a stage in Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development that typically occurs between the ages of 2 and 7. During this stage, children begin to engage in symbolic play and learn to manipulate symbols, but they do not yet understand concrete logic.

Question 15

Gina is three years old. She can tell her friend that, before going to bed, she puts her pajamas on, brushes her teeth, and listens to a story. Gina's account of this repeated event is called _____.
A) a scaffold
B) rehearsal
C) fast mapping
D) a script

Accepted Answer

Gina's account of her bedtime routine is called a script. A script is a cognitive structure that represents a sequence of events in a particular context, such as a routine or a common situation. It helps individuals understand and predict what happens in similar situations.

Question 16

Which of the following is a limitation of assessing memory in young children?
A) Underdevelopment of their brains
B) Inaccuracy in their verbal reports
C) Slow development of neurons
D) Poor development of the amygdalae

Accepted Answer

Young children often have difficulty accurately reporting memories due to their limited verbal skills and cognitive development, making verbal reports an unreliable method for assessing memory in this age group.

Question 17

Motor vehicle accidents are the _______.
A) most common cause of early childhood death
B) most common cause of death among male children
C) least common cause of death among female children
D) least common cause of early childhood death

Accepted Answer

Motor vehicle accidents are a leading cause of death among children, particularly in early childhood, due to their vulnerability and the high incidence of traffic-related incidents.

Question 18

Which of the following is true of contrast assumption?
A) It is the assumption that novel terms must refer to something that you already know
B) It is the assumption that novel terms must refer to unfamiliar objects
C) It is the assumption that words refer to whole objects and not characteristics of objects
D) It is the assumption that similar objects must belong to the same category

Accepted Answer

The contrast assumption in language acquisition posits that novel terms are assumed to refer to objects or concepts that are not already named or known, thus referring to unfamiliar objects.

Question 19

Appearance-reality distinction is the understanding that _____.
A) there is a difference between real events and mental events.
B) novel words refer to unfamiliar objects and events.
C) more than one aspect of a real situation can be focused on at a time.
D) the world can be perceived from another person's point of view.

Accepted Answer

The appearance-reality distinction refers to the understanding that there is a difference between how things appear and how they actually are, which involves differentiating between real events (reality) and how they are perceived or imagined (appearance). This concept is fundamental in cognitive development, particularly in understanding that perceptions can be deceptive.

Question 20

Egocentrism refers to the act of ______.
A) putting oneself at the center of things
B) thinking about oneself in relation to others
C) thinking about the implications of others' actions
D) emphasizing connections between oneself and the world around you

Accepted Answer

Egocentrism is the cognitive bias that causes individuals to interpret the world primarily from their own perspective, essentially putting themselves at the center of everything they perceive and consider.

Quiz 7: Early Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development

Martha is two years old. She claims that the moon plays peekaboo with her and often hides behind the clouds. In this scenario, Martha is displaying _____.

Which of the following factors influences cognitive development in early childhood?

Four-year-old Jason says that he has to go out and play in the garden since there is bright light outside, while the light is actually because of a glowing bulb and not because of the sun. Jason is displaying _____.

Which of the following is true of inner speech?

Which of the following is true of transductive reasoning?

Class inclusion tasks are difficult for a preoperational child because _______.

Which of the following is true of children's zone of proximal development?

Which of the following is a difference between scripts and episodic memory?

Caitlin thinks that all people love dolls because she loves dolls. Caitlin is displaying _____.

A preoperational child fails to show conservation because _______.

Unlike children who do not have imaginary companions, children with imaginary companions _______.

Conservation is the understanding that _______.

Janet is learning how to ride a tricycle. For the most part, she is able do it by herself. When she finds pedaling too difficult, her father pushes the tricycle for her. Which of the following cognitive development techniques is used by Janet's father?

The use of symbols to represent objects and relationships among them best characterizes _______.

Gina is three years old. She can tell her friend that, before going to bed, she puts her pajamas on, brushes her teeth, and listens to a story. Gina's account of this repeated event is called _____.

Which of the following is a limitation of assessing memory in young children?

Motor vehicle accidents are the _______.

Which of the following is true of contrast assumption?

Appearance-reality distinction is the understanding that _____.

Egocentrism refers to the act of ______.