Question 1

Elsa is a nutritionist writing a paper on childhood eating habits today compared with a decade ago. She decides to compare what her niece eats today with what she used to eat as a child. She monitors her intake every day by asking her sister and her niece's teacher in school and compiles data through that. Which method of gathering information does Elsa use?
A) A survey
B) A naturalistic
C) A case study
D) An experiment

Accepted Answer

Elsa is using a case study method by focusing on her niece's eating habits in detail over a period of time, gathering data from various sources like her sister and the niece's teacher.

Question 2

Which of the following perspectives views human development as occurring throughout a person's lifetime?
A) Humanistic perspective
B) Cognitive perspective
C) Functional perspective
D) Lifespan perspective

Accepted Answer

The lifespan perspective views human development as a process that occurs throughout the entire life of an individual, from birth to death, emphasizing growth and change at every stage of life.

Question 3

Which of the following is true of an experimental group?
A) It consists of subjects who receive treatment in an experiment.
B) It is involved in the frequent manipulation of all conditions in an experiment.
C) It consists of those subjects who do not receive treatment in an experiment.
D) It is involved in only correlational research in an experiment.

Accepted Answer

The experimental group in an experiment is the group that receives the treatment or intervention being tested, to evaluate the effect of the treatment.

Question 4

Cross-cultural studies examine children's interactions with their __________.
A) mesosystem
B) exosystem
C) macrosystem
D) microsystem

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cross-cultural studies examine children's interactions with their...

Question 5

Which of the following is the most important reason for having ethical guidelines about how research must be conducted?
A) Following such guidelines guarantees publication of one's results.
B) These guidelines protect the welfare of the research participants.
C) Following these guidelines guarantees grants and other sources of external funding.
D) These guidelines eliminate hurdles and shorten the process of research.

Accepted Answer

These guidelines are primarily in place to ensure the safety, dignity, and rights of the participants are protected throughout the research process.

Question 6

Dr. Manquero forms a hypothesis that ingesting chocolate prior to an exam will improve exam performance. She gives the experimental group chocolate and does not give the control group anything. She then gives the participants an exam. In this experiment, which of the following is the dependent variable?
A) The group that receives nothing
B) The group that eats chocolate
C) The performance on the exam
D) The amount of chocolate consumed

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable is the outcome that is being measured, which in this case is the performance on the exam. This is because the experiment aims to determine if consuming chocolate affects exam performance, making exam performance the variable that depends on the experimental condition (chocolate consumption).

Question 7

In _____, the same people are observed repeatedly over time, and changes in development, such as gains in height or changes in mental abilities, are recorded.
A) longitudinal research
B) cross-sectional research
C) adaptive clinical research
D) correlational research

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal research involves studying the same group of individuals over an extended period of time to observe changes and developments, such as physical growth or cognitive changes.

Question 8

Dr. Reggie Lau carries out a study with a hypothesis that caffeine enhances performance in sports. He lets the experimental group consume 100mg of caffeine and does not give any caffeine to the control group. He then makes the participants sprint for 20 minutes. In this experiment, which of the following is the independent variable?
A) The group that does not get any caffeine
B) The group that consumes caffeine
C) he performance on the sprint
D) The duration of the sprint

Accepted Answer

The independent variable is the condition manipulated by the researcher, which in this case is the consumption of caffeine (the group that consumes caffeine).

Question 9

The most obvious applications of information processing occur in the field of ________.
A) Medicine
B) Teaching
C) Engineering
D) Manufacturing

Accepted Answer

The answer of The most obvious applications of information processing...

Question 10

A "releasing stimulus" evokes stereotyped patterns of behavior, also known as ________.
A) learned behavioral tendencies
B) fixed action patterns
C) mnemonics
D) survival mechanisms

Accepted Answer

Fixed action patterns are innate, stereotyped behaviors that occur in response to specific stimuli, known as releasing stimuli. These behaviors are not learned and are performed in a similar way each time.

Question 11

Cross-sequential research:
A) usually lasts for the subjects' entire lifetime.
B) is hampered by the cohort effect.
C) combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods.
D) has too many ethical problems to be considered an effective research method.

Accepted Answer

Cross-sequential research combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods to study changes over time while also comparing different age groups at the same time.

Question 12

John Locke suggested that a child came into the world as ___________.
A) innately good
B) a tabula rasa
C) innately evil
D) a genetic product

Accepted Answer

John Locke suggested that a child came into the world as a tabula rasa, meaning "blank slate," implying that a child's knowledge and characteristics are shaped by experience rather than innate traits.

Question 13

According to Freud, our biological drives are represented by the _______.
A) superego
B) id
C) ego
D) subconscious

Accepted Answer

Freud posited that the id is the part of the personality structure that contains a human's basic, instinctual drives. The id is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives.

Question 14

Which of the following terms refers to a number ranging from +1.00 to -1.00 that expresses the direction (positive or negative) and strength of the relationship between two variables?
A) Covariance coefficient
B) Correlation coefficient
C) Maximum-likelihood coefficient
D) Reciprocal correlation

Accepted Answer

The correlation coefficient is the statistical measure that calculates the strength of the relationship between the relative movements of two variables. The values range from +1.00 to -1.00, indicating a perfect positive relationship at +1.00, no relationship at 0, and a perfect negative relationship at -1.00.

Question 15

Which of the following circumstances would make a researcher use animals instead of human participants?
A) When the use of human participants would be considered unethical
B) When the use of human participants would require deception on the part of the researcher
C) When the researcher would be forced to keep a human participant's identity confidential
D) When the use of animals would be cheaper than human participants

Accepted Answer

Using animals instead of humans is often considered when conducting the research on humans would be unethical due to potential harm or distress it could cause.

Question 16

Which of the following concepts are emphasized by the sociocultural perspective?
A) Reinforcement
B) Structural accommodation
C) Ethnicity
D) Life crisis

Accepted Answer

The sociocultural perspective emphasizes how cultural and social contexts influence people's behaviors and thoughts, with a particular focus on aspects like ethnicity, norms, beliefs, and values.

Question 17

Which of the following theorists is most closely associated with the sociocultural perspective?
A) Jean Piaget
B) Urie Bronfenbrenner
C) Lev Vygotsky
D) Erik Erikson

Accepted Answer

Lev Vygotsky is most closely associated with the sociocultural perspective, emphasizing the influence of social interactions and culture on cognitive development.

Question 18

A major controversy in psychology involves sorting out the influences of heredity and environment. This controversy is known as the _______.
A) active-passive controversy
B) continuity-discontinuity controversy
C) nature-nurture controversy
D) physiological-psychological controversy

Accepted Answer

The nature-nurture controversy revolves around the debate on the relative contributions of genetics (heredity) and environment to individual behavior and traits.

Question 19

What is the name of the study of developmental processes that involves taking measures of participants of the same age group at different times?
A) The cohort effect
B) A time lag
C) A standardized test
D) The correlational coefficient

Accepted Answer

A time lag study involves taking measures of participants of the same age group at different times to understand developmental processes.

Question 20

Which of the following is the purpose of having random assignment in an experiment?
A) It prevents subjects from knowing of which experimental group they are a member.
B) It provides ethical reasons for being in an experiment.
C) It makes sure that the results are caused by the treatment.
D) It determines how the subjects will behave in the experiment.

Accepted Answer

Random assignment helps ensure that any differences observed between experimental groups can be attributed to the treatment rather than pre-existing differences between the groups.

Quiz 1: History, Theories, and Methods

Which of the following perspectives views human development as occurring throughout a person's lifetime?

Which of the following is true of an experimental group?

Cross-cultural studies examine children's interactions with their __________.

Which of the following is the most important reason for having ethical guidelines about how research must be conducted?

In _____, the same people are observed repeatedly over time, and changes in development, such as gains in height or changes in mental abilities, are recorded.

The most obvious applications of information processing occur in the field of ________.

A "releasing stimulus" evokes stereotyped patterns of behavior, also known as ________.

Cross-sequential research:

John Locke suggested that a child came into the world as ___________.

According to Freud, our biological drives are represented by the _______.

Which of the following terms refers to a number ranging from +1.00 to -1.00 that expresses the direction (positive or negative) and strength of the relationship between two variables?

Which of the following circumstances would make a researcher use animals instead of human participants?

Which of the following concepts are emphasized by the sociocultural perspective?

Which of the following theorists is most closely associated with the sociocultural perspective?

A major controversy in psychology involves sorting out the influences of heredity and environment. This controversy is known as the _______.

What is the name of the study of developmental processes that involves taking measures of participants of the same age group at different times?

Which of the following is the purpose of having random assignment in an experiment?