Question 1

Which of the following is not one of the five steps to helping proposed by Latané and Darley (1970)?

Accepted Answer

Latané and Darley's model for helping behavior includes noticing an event, interpreting it as an emergency, taking responsibility, knowing how to help, and deciding to help. Invoking the norm of reciprocity is not part of their proposed steps.

Question 2

Newman notices that the passenger seated across from him on the subway has his eyes closed and hasn't moved in a while. But he looks around and sees that no one else, including those passengers who were on the train when he boarded, seems too concerned about this man. He decides that this probably means there isn't an emergency and the man is not in need of help. This line of thinking epitomizes which of the following concepts?

Accepted Answer

Pluralistic ignorance occurs when individuals wrongly believe that their own thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are different from those of the group, often leading to inaction because they assume nothing is wrong based on the inaction of others. In this scenario, Newman assumes the man is not in need of help because no one else seems concerned, which is a classic example of pluralistic ignorance.

Question 3

In one of the most infamous cases of the bystander effect, ____ neighbors watched as Kitty Genovese was repeatedly attacked and sexually assaulted (and eventually killed). None of those observers called police until 45 minutes had passed.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is 38. This number is often cited in discussions of the Kitty Genovese case to illustrate the bystander effect, although later reports have questioned the accuracy of the initial accounts regarding the number of witnesses and their responses.

Question 4

The bystander effect does not tend to occur when the bystanders are

Accepted Answer

The bystander effect is less likely to occur among groups of friends because there is a stronger sense of responsibility and connection among acquaintances, which increases the likelihood of intervention in an emergency.

Question 5

The bystander effect refers to the tendency for

Accepted Answer

The bystander effect is a social psychological phenomenon in which individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present. The greater the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that any one of them will help, due to a diffusion of responsibility and social influence.

Question 6

Many different factors contribute to the bystander effect. Which of the following factors does not contribute directly to the bystander effect?

Accepted Answer

Time pressure is not directly a factor of the bystander effect. The bystander effect is primarily influenced by factors such as audience inhibition, pluralistic ignorance, and diffusion of responsibility, which relate to the presence and behavior of others in emergency situations. Time pressure might affect decision-making but is not a direct cause of the bystander effect.

Question 7

Cosmo is walking home on a busy downtown street when he notices a woman lying on the sidewalk who appears to have lost consciousness. Which of the following obstacles to helping would best explain why he did not interpret the event as an emergency?

Accepted Answer

Pluralistic ignorance occurs when individuals in a group mistakenly believe that their own thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are different from those of the group, leading them to dismiss an emergency situation as non-threatening because no one else seems concerned. In a busy downtown setting, if others pass by without aiding the woman, an individual might assume the situation is not an emergency, thus not interpreting the event as one requiring intervention.

Question 8

Dewanto hears what sounds like gunshots coming from the school parking lot. None of his classmates appears concerned, so Dewanto assumes that they know the sound was only a car backfiring or someone playing with firecrackers. Dewanto's beliefs illustrate

Accepted Answer

Dewanto's assumption that his classmates are not concerned because they know something he doesn't (e.g., the sound was not a gunshot) is an example of pluralistic ignorance. This is a psychological phenomenon where individuals wrongly believe that their own thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are different from those of the group, often because no one in the group expresses their concerns or doubts.

Question 9

Latané and Darley's (1968) "smoke-filled room" study demonstrates the concept of

Accepted Answer

The "smoke-filled room" study by Latané and Darley illustrates pluralistic ignorance, where individuals in a group mistakenly believe that their own thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are different from those of the group, leading them to conform to what they perceive as the group's norm. In the study, participants did not react to smoke entering the room because they interpreted others' inaction as a sign that there was no real danger.

Question 10

What explanation does research give for the finding that volunteers with egoistic motives tend to remain active volunteers longer than those with more altruistic motives?

Accepted Answer

Altruistic motives may not be as sustainable over the long term when volunteers face personal costs or challenges associated with their volunteering efforts. Egoistic motives, which include personal benefits or gains from volunteering, can provide a more durable motivation by aligning the volunteer's interests with their activities, thus potentially leading to longer service.

Question 11

Research by Omoto and Snyder (1995) found that volunteers who decided to help AIDS victims had ____ service if their initial motives were ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research by Omoto and Snyder (1995) found...

Question 12

Jacinta volunteers at a local clinic where patients with AIDS come to get treatment and social assistance. She spends 10 to 15 hours a week at the clinic because it helps her escape the pressures and stress in her life. Which motivation category is behind Jacinta's volunteerism?

Accepted Answer

Jacinta's motivation is driven by the need to escape stress and pressures, which aligns with esteem enhancement as it involves improving one's emotional state and self-worth.

Question 13

The state in which people in a group mistakenly think that their own individual thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are different from those of others in the group is called

Accepted Answer

Pluralistic ignorance is a psychological phenomenon that occurs when individuals mistakenly believe that their own attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors are different from those of the majority within a group, often leading to a discrepancy between private beliefs and public actions.

Question 14

Benny has a heart attack while riding a crowded city bus and nobody on the bus attempts to help him. This exemplifies

Accepted Answer

The bystander effect describes a phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present. The greater the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that any one of them will help, often due to a diffusion of responsibility and social influence.

Question 15

Having struggled with panhandlers on the subway, hassles at the office, and telephone calls at dinner, Allison retreats to her bedroom rather than noticing that her daughter needs help with a homework assignment. She is probably reacting to

Accepted Answer

Allison's reaction is likely due to stimulus overload, which occurs when a person is overwhelmed by too many demands or stimuli at once, leading them to seek a retreat or a quieter environment to reduce the sensory input they are receiving.

Question 16

Kramer was on the subway during rush hour and failed to offer assistance to a woman who fell down and lost consciousness. One explanation for why he might not have noticed the emergency would be

Accepted Answer

Stimulus overload occurs when an individual is overwhelmed by the amount of stimuli in an environment, making it difficult to notice or attend to any specific event, such as an emergency. In a crowded subway during rush hour, the sheer number of people and the intensity of the environment could lead to not noticing a person in need.

Question 17

Which situational change would not have made it more likely that someone would've acted to help Kitty Genovese during her attack?

Accepted Answer

The presence of more witnesses (76 instead of 38) would likely lead to a stronger bystander effect, where individuals are less likely to help in an emergency situation when there are other people present, due to a diffusion of responsibility. The other options (A, C, D) could potentially increase the likelihood of intervention.

Question 18

For doctors and nurses, too much empathy can be

Accepted Answer

Empathy, especially in high doses, can lead to emotional exhaustion and burnout among healthcare professionals, increasing their risk of depression. This is because constantly empathizing with patients' suffering can be emotionally draining.

Question 19

Darley and  Latané's  (1968) "epileptic seizure" study demonstrated that

Accepted Answer

Darley and Latané's study showed that the likelihood of helping someone in distress decreases as the number of bystanders increases, a phenomenon known as the bystander effect. This indicates that helping behavior is inversely related to group size.

Question 20

Which of the following factors will lead to greater helping in an emergency situation?

Accepted Answer

When a situation is clearly an emergency and difficult to ignore, it increases the likelihood of bystanders recognizing the need for help and taking action, reducing the bystander effect.

Quiz 10: Helping Others

Which of the following is not one of the five steps to helping proposed by Latané and Darley (1970) ?

In one of the most infamous cases of the bystander effect, ____ neighbors watched as Kitty Genovese was repeatedly attacked and sexually assaulted (and eventually killed) . None of those observers called police until 45 minutes had passed.