Question 1

Research shows that when consumers have a very high number of products to choose from, they are likely to purchase _____ items.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research shows that when consumers have a...

Question 2

Many people mistakenly believe their chances of dying in an airplane crash are greater than their chances of dying in an automobile crash. This belief reflects the operation of ​

Accepted Answer

This belief is an example of the availability heuristic, where people estimate the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples of the event come to mind. High-profile airplane crashes are widely reported and remembered, making them seem more common than they actually are.

Question 3

After seeing your new neighbor walking very stiffly and primly by your house wearing horn-rimmed glasses on a chain, a cardigan sweater, and her hair in a bun, you decide she must be a librarian. Your judgment is based on ​

Accepted Answer

This judgment is based on the representativeness heuristic, where you are using stereotypes or a prototype of what a librarian looks like to make a quick judgment about your neighbor's profession without more substantial evidence.

Question 4

Arguing from an evolutionary perspective, Gigerenzer suggests that humans' reasoning largely depends on _____ heuristics.

Accepted Answer

Gigerenzer argues that humans use "fast and frugal" heuristics, which are simple and efficient rules, to make decisions and solve problems, especially in complex situations. These heuristics allow for quick decisions without the need for complex reasoning processes, reflecting an adaptation to the environments our ancestors faced.

Question 5

The availability heuristic implies that people will _____ the frequency of events that are easy to remember and _____ the frequency of events that are hard to remember.

Accepted Answer

The availability heuristic is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, or decision. This leads to overestimating the frequency or likelihood of events that are easily recalled from memory, while underestimating those that are less memorable or harder to recall.

Question 6

Elisa is entering survey data from adult males in a research study. One respondent has listed his height as 6 feet 5 inches, but the occupation is hard to decipher. Elisa thinks it might be basketball player or bank president. She decides to enter basketball player as the occupation. In this case, Elisa ​

Accepted Answer

Elisa likely used the representativeness heuristic, which involves making judgments based on how much an example represents a specific category. In this case, she associated the respondent's height with being a basketball player, a stereotype that tall individuals are more likely to be athletes in sports where height is an advantage.

Question 7

You can't think of a single instance when Cathy helped you out, so you decide that Cathy must be an ungenerous person. Your judgment is based on ​

Accepted Answer

This judgment is based on the availability heuristic, which is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, or decision. In this case, because you can't think of any instances when Cathy helped you out, you conclude she is ungenerous, relying on the examples that are most readily available in your memory to make a judgment about her character.

Question 8

Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which instances come to mind is called the ​

Accepted Answer

The availability heuristic is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, or decision. The easier it is to recall the consequences of something, the greater we perceive these consequences to be.

Question 9

When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events generate a great deal of media coverage, they are using

Accepted Answer

The availability heuristic is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, or decision. When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes due to extensive media coverage, they are likely using the availability heuristic, as the media coverage makes examples of violent crimes more "available" in their memory, leading to an overestimation of their frequency.

Question 10

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that when people have to make quick decisions, they tend to ​

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary psychologists argue that under conditions requiring quick decisions, humans are more likely to rely on simple heuristics—mental shortcuts or rules of thumb—rather than engaging in complex calculations or gathering extensive information. This approach is thought to be an adaptive response to the need for rapid decision-making in environments where time is a critical factor.

Question 11

Claude and Marie are excited because they just bought a restaurant. The last seven restaurants that have been operated at that location have gone bankrupt within a year of their openings, but Claude and Marie are certain their restaurant will be successful because they plan on working hard. In this case, the new business partners are

Accepted Answer

Claude and Marie are ignoring base rates, which refers to ignoring the statistical information about the previous failures of restaurants at that location and relying instead on their personal belief that hard work will lead to success.

Question 12

Hiram is not really a sports fan, but he signs up for a fantasy baseball tournament that is being sponsored by his company. In selecting his team, he picks the 10 players that he recognizes from 200 that are listed. He is pleasantly surprised when his fantasy team finishes near the top. In this instance, Hiram made his selections using ​

Accepted Answer

Hiram used the recognition heuristic, which is a decision-making strategy that involves choosing the option that is most recognizable or familiar, without considering other potentially relevant factors. In this case, he selected players based solely on their recognizability to him.

Question 13

According to research, conscious deliberation about a decision leads to greater satisfaction only when decisions are ​

Accepted Answer

Conscious deliberation is more effective for simple decisions because complex decisions can overwhelm our cognitive resources, leading to less satisfaction.

Question 14

The representativeness heuristic should cause people to think that families with four children are more likely to have ​

Accepted Answer

The representativeness heuristic is a mental shortcut that involves making judgments based on how much one thing resembles another. In the context of family composition, people are likely to think that a family with four children having two boys and two girls is more representative or typical, as it closely matches the perceived average or most balanced family structure.

Question 15

Before Simon's work, most economic theorists believed that people made _____ economic choices.

Accepted Answer

Before Herbert A. Simon's work, the prevailing theory in economics was that people made rational economic choices, aiming to maximize their utility or profit based on the information available to them. Simon challenged this view with his concept of "bounded rationality," suggesting that while people aim to make rational decisions, their rationality is limited by the information they have, their cognitive limitations, and the finite amount of time they have to make decisions.

Question 16

Basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the prototype of that event is termed the _____ heuristic.

Accepted Answer

The representativeness heuristic is used when making judgments about the probability of an event under uncertainty. It is based on comparing the similarity of the event to the prototype of the event.

Question 17

When people must choose between two alternatives, and they recognize one alternative but not the other, they often infer that the alternative they recognize has the higher value. This decision-making heuristic is called the _____ heuristic.

Accepted Answer

The recognition heuristic is a psychological strategy where if one of two objects is recognized and the other is not, the recognized object is inferred to have a higher value.

Question 18

Even though he knows only a small percentage of high school athletes go on to professional careers, Charlie believes that he will receive a scholarship to play football in college and then will have a career in the NFL. Charlie is

Accepted Answer

Charlie is not applying base rates to himself because he believes he will be an exception to the statistical likelihood of high school athletes making it to the NFL. Base rates refer to the statistical probabilities or general rates at which events occur, and in this case, Charlie is overlooking the low probability of high school athletes advancing to professional careers.

Question 19

Incorrectly estimating that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone is known as the ​

Accepted Answer

The conjunction fallacy occurs when people incorrectly believe that the combination of two events is more likely than either event occurring alone, which is a violation of basic probability principles.

Question 20

The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to ​

Accepted Answer

The representativeness heuristic is a mental shortcut that involves estimating the likelihood of an event by comparing it to an existing prototype that already exists in our minds. Thus, if an event seems similar to our mental representation of a category, we assume it is likely.

Quiz 8: Cognition and Intelligence

Research shows that when consumers have a very high number of products to choose from, they are likely to purchase _____ items.

Many people mistakenly believe their chances of dying in an airplane crash are greater than their chances of dying in an automobile crash. This belief reflects the operation of

After seeing your new neighbor walking very stiffly and primly by your house wearing horn-rimmed glasses on a chain, a cardigan sweater, and her hair in a bun, you decide she must be a librarian. Your judgment is based on

Arguing from an evolutionary perspective, Gigerenzer suggests that humans' reasoning largely depends on _____ heuristics.

The availability heuristic implies that people will _ the frequency of events that are easy to remember and _ the frequency of events that are hard to remember.

You can't think of a single instance when Cathy helped you out, so you decide that Cathy must be an ungenerous person. Your judgment is based on

Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which instances come to mind is called the

When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events generate a great deal of media coverage, they are using

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that when people have to make quick decisions, they tend to

According to research, conscious deliberation about a decision leads to greater satisfaction only when decisions are

The representativeness heuristic should cause people to think that families with four children are more likely to have

Before Simon's work, most economic theorists believed that people made _____ economic choices.

Basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the prototype of that event is termed the _____ heuristic.

When people must choose between two alternatives, and they recognize one alternative but not the other, they often infer that the alternative they recognize has the higher value. This decision-making heuristic is called the _____ heuristic.

Even though he knows only a small percentage of high school athletes go on to professional careers, Charlie believes that he will receive a scholarship to play football in college and then will have a career in the NFL. Charlie is

Incorrectly estimating that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone is known as the

The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to

Quiz 8: Cognition and Intelligence

Research shows that when consumers have a very high number of products to choose from, they are likely to purchase _____ items.

Many people mistakenly believe their chances of dying in an airplane crash are greater than their chances of dying in an automobile crash. This belief reflects the operation of ​

After seeing your new neighbor walking very stiffly and primly by your house wearing horn-rimmed glasses on a chain, a cardigan sweater, and her hair in a bun, you decide she must be a librarian. Your judgment is based on ​

Arguing from an evolutionary perspective, Gigerenzer suggests that humans' reasoning largely depends on _____ heuristics.

The availability heuristic implies that people will _____ the frequency of events that are easy to remember and _____ the frequency of events that are hard to remember.

You can't think of a single instance when Cathy helped you out, so you decide that Cathy must be an ungenerous person. Your judgment is based on ​

Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which instances come to mind is called the ​

When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events generate a great deal of media coverage, they are using

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that when people have to make quick decisions, they tend to ​

According to research, conscious deliberation about a decision leads to greater satisfaction only when decisions are ​

The representativeness heuristic should cause people to think that families with four children are more likely to have ​

Before Simon's work, most economic theorists believed that people made _____ economic choices.

Basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the prototype of that event is termed the _____ heuristic.

When people must choose between two alternatives, and they recognize one alternative but not the other, they often infer that the alternative they recognize has the higher value. This decision-making heuristic is called the _____ heuristic.

Even though he knows only a small percentage of high school athletes go on to professional careers, Charlie believes that he will receive a scholarship to play football in college and then will have a career in the NFL. Charlie is

Incorrectly estimating that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone is known as the ​

The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to ​

Many people mistakenly believe their chances of dying in an airplane crash are greater than their chances of dying in an automobile crash. This belief reflects the operation of

After seeing your new neighbor walking very stiffly and primly by your house wearing horn-rimmed glasses on a chain, a cardigan sweater, and her hair in a bun, you decide she must be a librarian. Your judgment is based on

The availability heuristic implies that people will _ the frequency of events that are easy to remember and _ the frequency of events that are hard to remember.

You can't think of a single instance when Cathy helped you out, so you decide that Cathy must be an ungenerous person. Your judgment is based on

Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which instances come to mind is called the

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that when people have to make quick decisions, they tend to

According to research, conscious deliberation about a decision leads to greater satisfaction only when decisions are

The representativeness heuristic should cause people to think that families with four children are more likely to have

Incorrectly estimating that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone is known as the

The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to