Question 1

Five-year-old Steve gets along well with his parents and siblings, has self-confidence, and believes that he is a good boy. Steve has most recently successfully resolved the crisis of

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development posits that the crisis of initiative versus guilt typically occurs during the preschool years, around ages 3 to 5. Since Steve is five years old and exhibits self-confidence and a positive self-image, it suggests he has successfully navigated this stage, which focuses on developing a sense of initiative and the ability to lead and make decisions.

Question 2

Craig is two years old and likes to put on his own coat and shoes. However, his mother often becomes impatient waiting for him to get ready, so she usually finishes zipping his coat and tying his shoes for him. Based on Erikson's theory, Craig will likely develop

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, Craig is in the stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt, which occurs from approximately 18 months to 3 years of age. In this stage, children are learning to do things for themselves and develop a sense of personal control. If Craig's mother consistently intervenes and does tasks for him, he may start to doubt his abilities, leading to feelings of shame and doubt.

Question 3

During Erikson's crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt, a child should begin to take some responsibility for his feeding and dressing. As a result, the child should gain a sense of self-sufficiency. This stage occurs from _____ years of age.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt typically occurs from 2 to 3 years of age, during which children start to develop personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence.

Question 4

The elementary school-age child who does well in school and receives praise and support at home will develop what Erikson calls a sense of

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development identifies the stage of industry vs. inferiority as occurring during the elementary school years (approximately ages 6 to 12). In this stage, children who are encouraged and commended by teachers and parents, and who succeed in their pursuits, develop a sense of industry, meaning they feel competent and believe in their ability to achieve goals.

Question 5

A child who successfully completes stage 1 of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development will acquire

Accepted Answer

In Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, the first stage is Trust vs. Mistrust, which occurs from birth to approximately 18 months of age. If successfully navigated, the child develops optimism and trust toward the world.

Question 6

For Erikson, the stage during which toilet training occurs is

Accepted Answer

Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt typically occurs between the ages of 18 months and 3 years, a period during which toilet training is a key developmental challenge. This stage emphasizes the child's growing sense of personal control and independence, including physical skills and a sense of autonomy.

Question 7

Piaget believed that children began to understand the concept of object permanence beginning around the age of

Accepted Answer

Piaget theorized that children start to understand object permanence at around 4 months of age, marking the beginning of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.

Question 8

Typically, individuals concerned with the crisis of trust versus mistrust are in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

The crisis of trust versus mistrust is associated with Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory, not cognitive development stages. However, if we align this with Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development, the closest match in age would be the sensorimotor stage, which occurs from birth to about 2 years of age. Erikson's stage of trust versus mistrust also occurs from birth to around 18 months to 2 years, focusing on an infant's basic needs being met by parents or caregivers.

Question 9

If an infant's basic biological needs are met by others and sound attachments are formed during the first year of life, the infant will MOST likely successfully resolve the crisis associated with the _____ stage.

Accepted Answer

The crisis associated with the trust versus mistrust stage, as described by Erik Erikson, occurs during the first year of life. If an infant's basic biological needs are met and sound attachments are formed, the infant is likely to develop trust rather than mistrust.

Question 10

The challenge of learning to function in society and beyond the family marks Erikson's childhood stage of ​

Accepted Answer

Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority is characterized by the challenge of learning to function in society beyond the family, where children strive to acquire competence and skills in various areas, leading to a sense of industry. Failure to do so can result in feelings of inferiority.

Question 11

To Piaget, cognitive development involves ​

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory of cognitive development posits that children move through four stages of mental development, each characterized by qualitatively different ways of thinking and understanding the world.

Question 12

Assumptions of stage theorists of development include all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Stage theories of development, such as those proposed by Piaget, Erikson, and Kohlberg, generally do not assert that progress through stages is strongly related to physical maturation. Instead, they emphasize psychological and cognitive development, which can be influenced by a variety of factors including but not limited to physical maturation.

Question 13

During Erikson's crisis of industry versus inferiority, a child should learn to function well in the broader social structure of the neighborhood and school. As a result, the child should gain a sense of competence. This stage occurs from

Accepted Answer

Erikson's crisis of industry versus inferiority typically occurs from age 6 years through puberty, where children learn to develop a sense of competence by mastering new skills.

Question 14

Anne is five years old and likes to help with jobs around the house. Tonight, when she was clearing the dishes from the table, she dropped a stack of plates and broke them all. Her father scolded her and told her that she could help more by staying out of the way and letting her older brothers clear the table. If her father's reaction is typical of the interactions she has with him, Erikson would suggest that Anne is likely to develop ​

Accepted Answer

Anne is likely to develop feelings of guilt because her father's reaction discourages her initiative and makes her feel bad for trying to help, which aligns with Erikson's theory of psychosocial development during the initiative vs. guilt stage.

Question 15

The challenge of learning to function, take personal responsibility for feeding, and self-dressing marks Erikson's childhood stage of ​

Accepted Answer

Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt typically occurs between the ages of 18 months and 3 years, where children learn to master basic self-care skills such as feeding and dressing themselves, fostering a sense of autonomy.

Question 16

Stage theories of development assume that ​

Accepted Answer

Stage theories of development posit that individuals must follow a specific sequence of stages, where each stage serves as a foundation for the next, indicating a structured and orderly process of development.

Question 17

In relation to age, which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

Accepted Answer

B) Autonomy versus shame is a stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory, specifically the second stage, which typically occurs between the ages of 18 months and 3 years. The other options (A, C, D) are associated with later stages of development. A) Development of secondary sex characteristics typically occurs during puberty, C) Formal operations is a stage in Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development that begins around age 12, and D) Postconventional moral reasoning is the final stage in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which some individuals may never reach.

Question 18

Typically, individuals concerned with the crisis of initiative versus guilt are in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

The crisis of initiative versus guilt is associated with Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, not directly with Piaget's stages of cognitive development. However, the age range for this crisis (roughly 3 to 6 years) most closely aligns with Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development, which spans from about 2 to 7 years of age.

Question 19

Erik Erikson's developmental stages are organized around potential turning points called ​

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's developmental stages are centered around psychosocial crises, which are potential turning points in each stage of development where individuals face conflicts that play a significant role in shaping their personality and social relationships.

Question 20

Kyler is nine years old and likes to draw and paint. However, he doesn't receive very good grades on his art projects, and his friends often laugh at the pictures he creates. Based on Erikson's theory, Kyler will likely develop

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, children in the age range of approximately 5 to 12 years are in the "Industry vs. Inferiority" stage. Success in this stage leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority. Kyler's experiences with his art projects and the reactions of his peers are likely to contribute to feelings of inferiority.

Quiz 10: Human Development Across the Life Span