Question 1

The slow childhood growth rate accelerates with pubescence until the rate is as rapid as that of early infancy.During pubescence,growth of long bones,secondary sexual maturation,and fat and muscle deposition create an increased nutrient requirement.

Accepted Answer

Both statements are true.These statements,both correct,emphasize the critical nature of nutrition in adolescents.Major biological,social,psychological,and cognitive changes occur during this period.Because of these changes and rapid growth rates,17% of U.S.teens are considered at nutritional risk for developing chronic diseases later in life.

Question 2

A mother asks about healthy snacks for her three children under 4 years old.All are wise choices the dental hygienist can recommend,except one.Which is the exception?

Accepted Answer

Until age 4,children are at risk for choking on food that gets caught in the airway.Food is not chewed thoroughly until the molars erupt.Small nuts and seeds are likely to cause choking.Other foods that cause choking include round,firm,smooth foods such as grapes,hard candy,hot dogs,and round candies.Note that raw carrots are also in the list of foods likely to cause choking; as with all foods,parental supervision is paramount.The remaining selections,under parental supervision,are excellent nutrient-dense snack choices.

Question 3

Dental hygienists working with new parents, infants, and children should be familiar with normal growth and development patterns and effectively communicate nutritional needs. Match each nutritional and oral term with its most appropriate description.
-Preference for sweet foods

Accepted Answer

Innate desire refers to the natural inclination or instinct towards certain foods, such as sweet or sugary foods, which can be present from birth.

Answer: A 
 DHA, or docosahexaenoic acid, is an omega-3 fatty acid that is important for brain development and function, including cognitive and visual development.

Answer: F 
 Bruxism is the habit of grinding or clenching the teeth, which can cause dental problems and may be related to stress, anxiety, or other factors.

Answer: G 
 Sealants are thin coatings applied to the chewing surfaces of the back teeth to help prevent cavities and decay.

The other terms (overjet, retrognathic, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) are not directly related to nutritional or oral health considerations, but may be relevant in other contexts.

Question 4

Dental hygienists working with new parents, infants, and children should be familiar with normal growth and development patterns and effectively communicate nutritional needs. Match each nutritional and oral term with its most appropriate description.
-Caries protective physical barrier

Accepted Answer

Sealants are a physical barrier that protects against caries.

Answer: A
 DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid important for brain and eye development in children.

Answer: B
 Overjet refers to the horizontal distance between the upper and lower teeth when the jaw is closed.

Answer: C
 Retrognathic refers to a jaw that is set back from its normal position.

Answer: D
 Innate desire refers to an instinctual urge, such as a baby's innate desire to suckle.

Answer: E
 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral disorder that may affect a child's ability to focus, sit still, and be attentive.

Answer: F
 Bruxism is the involuntary grinding or clenching of teeth, often during sleep. It is not related to nutrition or growth and development.

Question 5

Which is true of early childhood caries (ECC)? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Early childhood caries is the preferred terminology; it replaces severe early childhood caries and baby bottle tooth decay.The growth of infants with ECC can be inhibited because of pain associated with eating.Any sign of smooth surface caries in children younger than 3 years is indicative of this serious public health problem,especially prevalent in lower socioeconomic groups.

Question 6

Which is true of protein requirements for infants? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

The recommended dietary allowance for older infants is 1.2 g/kg.Note that the percentage by body weight declines as the infant develops.Breast milk and artificial breast milk (commercial formula)provide approximately 50% of kilocalories from fat to supply the high energy needs.

Question 7

Each feeding tip is considered sound,except one.Which is the exception?

Accepted Answer

Parents should allow the child to focus on internal cues of hunger; this develops the ability to regulate meal size.When parents assume control of food portions or coerce the child to eat,this development is diminished.Smaller plate size is encouraged because the MyPlate sections are the same as for adults,but serving sizes differ.The Physical Activity links on the ChooseMyPlate.com website provide information and encourage physical activities that balance energy intake for a healthy lifestyle.The Institute of Medicine recommends that toddlers and preschool children be provided with opportunities for light,moderate,and vigorous physical activity for at least 15 minutes per hour.

Question 8

Which are sound recommendations regarding children's oral health? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Fluoridated toothpastes should not be used by children less than 2 to 3 years of age.The parent should supervise and be confident that the child is not swallowing the dentifrice.The appropriate amount of toothpaste is a pea-sized portion.

Question 9

Which snack should the dental hygienist encourage to decrease incidence of dental caries? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Cheese cubes decrease caries potential by neutralizing (raising pH)salivary acids.The fibrous nature of raw vegetables provides a self-cleansing mechanism and contributes to the buffering capacity of saliva.

Question 10

Tooth eruption patterns of school-aged children are marked by exfoliation of all or most primary teeth and eruption of permanent teeth.During this period,application of topical fluoride is less effective than systemic fluoride administration.

Accepted Answer

The first statement is true; the second is false.Once teeth have erupted,application of topical fluoride,whether professionally applied or self-applied,becomes as effective as systemic fluoride administration.It is important for dental hygienists to share this fact with parents,teachers,school administrators,and anyone who might be in a decision-making capability regarding fluoride administration.At school,fluoride rinses particularly benefit school-aged children.

Question 11

Dental hygienists working with new parents, infants, and children should be familiar with normal growth and development patterns and effectively communicate nutritional needs. Match each nutritional and oral term with its most appropriate description.
-Horizontal projection of upper teeth beyond the lower teeth

Accepted Answer

Overjet refers to the horizontal projection of the upper teeth beyond the lower teeth.

Answer: A
 DHA stands for docosahexaenoic acid and is an omega-3 fatty acid important for infant and child development.

Answer: C
 Retrognathic refers to a jaw that is set back or appears to be receding.

Answer: D
 Innate desire refers to an instinctual drive or natural tendency towards a certain behavior or need.

Answer: G
 Sealants are preventive dental treatments that involve applying a protective coating to the surfaces of teeth to help prevent tooth decay.

The terms E and F are not related to nutrition or oral health.

Question 12

Which statements accurately describe aspects of early childhood caries (ECC)? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

The primary contributing factor to ECC is infection with Streptococcus mutans (cariogenic bacterium).Colonization of S.mutans occurs only after the infant's teeth erupt.Important for parents to understand,kissing and sharing utensils or other object contaminated with saliva are contributing factors.In addition,the infant is more likely to be infected if the caregiver has a high level of S.mutans.

Question 13

The best way to prevent osteoporosis is through building bone mass during what stage of life?

Accepted Answer

It is thought that adolescence is the best time to build sufficient bone mass to prevent osteoporosis later in life.During this period,45% of adult skeletal mass is formed.Calcium needs are greater at this period than at any other time.Additionally,vitamin D deficiency in adolescents can place them at greater risk.

Question 14

When counseling a parent regarding early childhood caries (ECC),advice from the dental hygienist should include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Home filtration systems can remove fluoride; therefore,tests conducted by state health departments to measure fluoride content of filtered and treated water should be performed.Fruit juice adds unnecessary carbohydrates that are cariogenic.With both the sippy cup and bottle,fluids linger in the mouth enhancing the action of cariogenic bacteria.Juice should be offered in a cup.

Question 15

Children with cerebral palsy,Down syndrome,and intellectual disabilities are likely to have abnormal sensory input and muscle tone.A small,underdeveloped tongue is common in many such disorders and results in diminished nutritional status.

Accepted Answer

The first statement is true; the second is false.Common to children with special needs is tongue thrust,which jeopardizes nutritional status because of significant food waste during feeding.Difficulties with sucking,swallowing,spoon-feeding,chewing development,and independent feeding are common.

Question 16

Each is commonly deficient in the diet of adolescents,except one.Which is the exception?

Accepted Answer

Average protein in adolescents is well above average.If overall intake becomes insufficient for any reason,dietary protein can be used for energy and would not be available for needed growth and repair.Note that while the need for calcium,vitamin D,and iron is of particular concern throughout childhood,the need for these nutrients is critical during adolescence because of extensive bone development.

Question 17

Sticky carbohydrate foods such as candies,cookies,and pastries are cariogenic,but crackers and raisins are not because crackers and raisins contain less processed,more natural ingredients.

Accepted Answer

Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.Although crackers and raisins are more healthy foods,they are high in carbohydrates and should be limited as snacks.This,combined with their sticky nature,contributes to their cariogenic potential.Dental hygienists can help parents understand such important distinctions.Such conversations provide ideal opportunities to incorporate nutritional advice with oral hygiene recommendations.

Question 18

The mother of a toddler is concerned because her son is not eating well.Each,except one,is a sound tip the dental hygienist can provide.Which is the exception?

Accepted Answer

Food jags,refusing to eat anything except one food for several days,are common and are one way that toddlers and children assert independence.This typical developmental stage is temporary.Parents should refrain from forcing children to eat when they are not hungry.Instead,if sufficient amounts are not eaten at a meal,parents should limit snacking or provide nutrient-dense snacks.Note also that tired children eat poorly; before a meal,a short rest following activity is beneficial.

Question 19

Each is accurate regarding iron consumption and prevention of anemia,except one.Which is the exception?

Accepted Answer

Many iron-rich foods such as meat,fresh fruits,and vegetables contain vitamin C that enhances iron absorption.Unfortunately,these foods are more expensive than calorically dense foods such as chips or candy.Note that milk is a poor source of iron,and large amounts of milk deter absorption of iron.Iron deficiency during infancy results in lower cognitive abilities and motor skills that continue throughout childhood and adolescence.

Question 20

Dental hygienists working with new parents, infants, and children should be familiar with normal growth and development patterns and effectively communicate nutritional needs. Match each nutritional and oral term with its most appropriate description.
-Mandible is located posterior to its normal position

Accepted Answer

Retrognathic refers to the mandible being located posterior to its normal position.

Answer: A 
 DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid that plays a critical role in brain and eye development, particularly in infants.

Answer: B 
 Overjet is a measurement of the horizontal distance between the upper and lower incisors when the teeth are in a fully closed position. If the upper incisors protrude further forward than the lower incisors, this is considered an overjet.

Answer: D 
 Innate desire refers to the natural instinct or urge to seek out certain foods or nutrients that the body needs.

Answer: G 
 Sealants are a thin, protective coating applied to the chewing surfaces of molars and premolars to help prevent tooth decay.

The terms E (Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) and F (Bruxism) are not related to nutritional or oral health.

Quiz 14: Nutritional Requirements During Growth and Development and Eating Habits Affecting Oral Health