Question 1

Pavlov's career was strongly affected by his particular experiences in what country?

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's career was in Russia (Soviet Union) where he conducted his famous experiments on classical conditioning on dogs. He also established the Institute of Experimental Medicine in Saint Petersburg, which was one of the leading centers for physiological research at the time.

Question 2

Which of the following did Watson advise against for the successful rearing of babies and young children?

Accepted Answer

Watson advised against responding to children's mishaps with physical affection as part of his behaviorist views on child rearing, emphasizing emotional restraint.

Question 3

The record of responses made by an animal in a Skinner box is referred to as its

Accepted Answer

The cumulative record is a graph generated by a Skinner box that tracks an animal's responses over time. It provides a visual representation of the animal's behavior and is commonly used in behavior analysis.

Question 4

A cumulative record showing regular,scalloped-shaped variation is characteristically produced by

Accepted Answer

The regular, scalloped-shaped variation in cumulative records is typically seen with fixed interval reinforcement schedules. This is because during a fixed interval schedule, the reinforcement is only given after a certain amount of time has passed, and the response rate tends to increase as the time of the next reinforcement approaches. As a result, there is a slow rate of responding immediately after reinforcement, a rapid increase as the interval draws to a close, and then a decline in responding immediately after reinforcement is given again. This pattern creates the characteristic scalloped shape in the cumulative record. None of the other options listed would produce this pattern of responding.

Question 5

In his general temperament Ivan Pavlov was noted for being

Accepted Answer

It is noted in the text that Pavlov was absent-minded at home, but meticulous and systematic in his laboratory. This suggests that he had a different temperament in different settings, and overall, was not necessarily approachable or easygoing in all aspects of his life. The text does not mention him being "brilliant but erratic" or "dogged and persistent."

Question 6

As an old and famous man,Pavlov gave what special piece of advice to the youth of his country?

Accepted Answer

Pavlov advised the youth of his country to be strictly systematic in their acquisition of knowledge.

Question 7

In recent years the actual identity of Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" subject has been

Accepted Answer

There is still ongoing debate and disagreement among historians regarding the actual identity of the infant known as "Little Albert." While some theories have been proposed, there is no conclusive evidence or consensus on the matter.

Question 8

According to Skinner,one of the necessary consequences of regarding behavior as "freely" produced by "autonomous man" is a

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Skinner,one of the necessary consequences...

Question 9

__________ conditioning is typically measured in terms of response latency or magnitude,while __________ conditioning is measured in terms of response rate.

Accepted Answer

Respondent conditioning, also known as classical conditioning, often focuses on involuntary responses to stimuli, measured by their strength or speed (latency or magnitude). Operant conditioning, on the other hand, involves voluntary behaviors that are influenced by their consequences, with the rate of these behaviors (response rate) being a key measure of learning.

Question 10

Watson and Lashley's realization that Pavlov's basic conditioning model could be expanded to cover muscular as well as salivary reflexes,and in humans as well as animals,was inspired by whose previous work?

Accepted Answer

Vladimir Bechterev's work on the motor cortex and reflexes influenced Watson and Lashley's expansion of Pavlov's conditioning model to include muscular reflexes in humans.

Question 11

Who was the person most responsible for promoting "behaviorism" as a distinct approach to psychology?

Accepted Answer

John B. Watson is considered the person most responsible for promoting behaviorism as a distinct approach to psychology. He published the article "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" in 1913, which outlined the basic principles of behaviorism and helped to establish it as a major school of thought in psychology.

Question 12

What eventually became of John B.Watson's two sons?

Accepted Answer

John B. Watson's two sons, John Watson Jr. and James Watson, both went on to successful careers, but both also struggled with depression. Sadly, James Watson died by suicide at the age of 40. John Watson Jr. continued to work in the field of psychology, but also suffered from depression throughout his life.

Question 13

Simple stimuli such as clicks from a toy clicker may be used to help shape up complicated chains of responses if,through previous respondent conditioning,they have been made into

Accepted Answer

Simple stimuli like clicks from a toy clicker are not inherently rewarding or reinforcing, so they are not primary reinforcers (C). However, through previous respondent conditioning (i.e. classical conditioning), the clicker has been associated with a larger, more meaningful reward such as a treat or praise, which would make it a secondary reinforcer (D). Token reinforcers (A) are tangible objects or symbols that serve as secondary reinforcers, while partial reinforcers (B) are schedules of reinforcement where the desired behavior is only reinforced occasionally or intermittently. Neither of these options accurately describes the use of a clicker in shaping behavior.

Question 14

B.F.Skinner's primary ambition as a young man was to become a

Accepted Answer

B.F. Skinner's primary ambition as a young man was to become a professional writer. He attended Hamilton College to study English but later switched to psychology. However, Skinner continued to write throughout his life and published several books, including Walden Two and Beyond Freedom and Dignity.

Question 15

Following his dismissal from Johns Hopkins University,what became of John B.Watson?

Accepted Answer

After his dismissal from Johns Hopkins University, John B. Watson went into advertising while still writing about psychology. He became famous for applying behaviorist principles in advertising, and his writings on psychology continued to influence the field.

Question 16

When new workers arrived in Pavlov's laboratory,what were usually their first assignments?

Accepted Answer

Typically, new workers in Pavlov's laboratory would be asked to replicate some of the experiments previously conducted in the lab as a way of becoming familiar with the procedures and techniques used. This helped to ensure consistency in the research and provided a solid foundation for future experimentation.

Question 17

John B.Watson's Ph.D.research at the University of Chicago dealt with what?

Accepted Answer

John B. Watson's Ph.D. research at the University of Chicago dealt with the nervous system and behavior of developing white rats.

Question 18

Skinner's 1957 book Verbal Behavior was severely criticized by Noam Chomsky on what grounds?

Accepted Answer

Noam Chomsky criticized Skinner's Verbal Behavior because he believed that it did not account for the innate and unique grammatical structures of human language. Chomsky argued that language acquisition cannot be solely based on behaviorist principles and instead proposed the existence of a "language acquisition device" in the human brain.

Question 19

Skinner's utopian novel Walden Two describes a society

Accepted Answer

Skinner's Walden Two describes a society whose members' behavior is completely determined by positive reinforcement. In the novel, Skinner presents a social system that uses behavioral engineering techniques, such as shaping and conditioning, to create a utopian community. Members of Walden Two are encouraged to engage in behaviors that benefit society by receiving rewards and positive reinforcement for doing so. Negative reinforcement is not used in the society, as Skinner believed that positive reinforcement alone could shape behavior.

Question 20

Edward Chase Tolman was known for his promotion of

Accepted Answer

Edward Chase Tolman believed in latent learning, which is learning that occurs without reinforcement and is not manifested until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. This is different from operant conditioning, which involves learning through reinforcement. Tolman also did not focus on mechanistic behaviorism or programmed instruction.

Quiz 10: Psychology as the Science of Behavior: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner