Question 1

As discussed in the text, gamblers use tricks to ____.
A)make decisions based on cognitive reasoning
B)recover from losses and to learn from wins
C)maintain the euphoria of risk-taking
D)remain confident that they will win in the future

Accepted Answer

The answer of As discussed in the text, gamblers use...

Question 2

Research indicates that men show less attitude-behaviour consistency than women when it comes to sexuality.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research indicates that men show less attitude-behaviour...

Question 3

Consumer surveys (e.g., questionnaires that ask people what products they like and use) are primarily used to measure people's implicit attitudes.

Accepted Answer

Consumer surveys are primarily used to gather explicit attitudes and opinions from people about products or services, rather than measuring their implicit attitudes.

Question 4

Inconsistency bothers certain animals, such as primates, dogs, and birds, as much as it bothers people.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Inconsistency bothers certain animals, such as primates,...

Question 5

Who is the most likely to be anxious, depressed, and/or low in self-esteem?
A)Mbali, who believes she will be a doctor someday
B)Meera, who is a devout Hindu
C)Victor, who believes in UFOs
D)Dumi, who holds Christian beliefs but doesn't practise them much

Accepted Answer

The answer of Who is the most likely to be...

Question 6

Shenaaz believes that her son is a genius.He takes multiple different IQ tests and scores below average.He performs poorly in school and shows little creativity at home.He does not excel at anything he does.Yet Shenaaz continues to belief in his superior intellect.Shenaaz is illustrating belief perseverance.

Accepted Answer

This scenario describes belief perseverance, which is the tendency to hold onto a belief even when presented with evidence that contradicts it. Shenaaz's belief in her son's intelligence persists despite evidence to the contrary.

Question 7

Research on religious beliefs shows that appealing to a higher (superordinate) power can be an effective way to reduce ____.
A)the mere exposure effect
B)belief perseverance
C)attitude polarisation
D)dissonance

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that when individuals experience cognitive dissonance (the uncomfortable feeling that arises when a person's beliefs do not align with their actions or other beliefs), appealing to a higher power can help reduce the dissonance and restore a sense of consistency. This is often seen in religious contexts where individuals may seek guidance from a deity or rely on their faith to make sense of conflicting beliefs or actions.

Question 8

Your text proposes that religious belief
A)often increases fear of the unknown
B)helps people cope with traumatic events
C)typically increases daily stress levels
D)reduces a person's sense of guilt

Accepted Answer

The text states that religious belief "can provide meaning, comfort, and a sense of control in the face of traumatic and uncontrollable events" and that it "has been found to be a protective factor against stress-related mental illness." Therefore, option B is the most accurate statement.

Question 9

As discussed in the text, there are a number of cognitive tendencies found among gamblers that have the effect of encouraging these people to keep gambling.One of the MOST common is the tendency to see losses as ____.
A)'near wins' (not losses at all)
B)'par for the course' (as a certain number of losses are expected)
C)'practice runs' (helping to improve technique in the long term)
D)'not their fault' (special exceptions due to circumstances)

Accepted Answer

The tendency to see losses as 'near wins' is one of the most common cognitive tendencies among gamblers. This means that even when they lose, they view it as being very close to a win, which encourages them to keep gambling in hopes of actually winning.

Question 10

Research suggests that learning via classical conditioning is unique to humans (and that other animals cannot learn this way).

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that many animals, including dogs, cats, rats, and birds, can learn through classical conditioning.

Question 11

Another term for 'social learning' is 'instrumental learning'.

Accepted Answer

Social learning and instrumental learning are two different forms of learning. Social learning is learning from observing the behavior of others, while instrumental learning is learning by associating a behavior with a consequence. Therefore, the terms are not interchangeable.

Question 12

The mere exposure effect occurs for stimuli that are presented at a conscious level, but it does not occur for stimuli that are presented at a nonconscious (subliminal) level.

Accepted Answer

The mere exposure effect can occur for stimuli presented at both conscious and nonconscious (subliminal) levels, indicating that repeated exposure to a stimulus can increase an individual's preference for it, even if the stimulus is not consciously perceived.

Question 13

The so-called 'A-B problem' refers to the fact that people's stated attitudes are often inconsistent with their behaviours.

Accepted Answer

The statement accurately describes what the A-B problem is.

Question 14

As discussed in the text, people who hold irrational attitudes (e.g., about Big Foot, UFOs, and ghosts) tend to ____.
A)be less prone to depression than other people
B)be less prone to anxiety than other people
C)have relatively low levels of self-esteem
D)have relatively high levels of self-esteem

Accepted Answer

The answer of As discussed in the text, people who...

Question 15

Attitude accessibility refers to how easily an attitude comes to mind.

Accepted Answer

Attitude accessibility is the ease with which an attitude can be retrieved from memory and brought to consciousness.

Question 16

Which statement about humans and animals is MOST correct?
A)Only humans have attitudes.
B)Both humans and animals have attitudes in about equal numbers.
C)Animals have more attitudes than humans.
D)Humans have more attitudes than animals.

Accepted Answer

While both humans and animals have attitudes, humans have a greater range and complexity of attitudes than animals. This is due to the fact that humans have a much greater capacity for language, abstract thought, and self-reflection, which allows them to develop and express a wider variety of attitudes.

Question 17

Research indicates that students who enter college knowing their likes and dislikes on academically relevant issues tend to experience better physical and mental health in the college setting than do other students.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that self-awareness of academic preferences can lead to greater academic success and a more positive college experience, potentially improving physical and mental health outcomes.

Question 18

The pressure to maintain consistency among beliefs and behaviours is ____.
A)equally present among humans versus animals
B)more present in animals than humans
C)more present in humans than animals
D)rarely present in humans or animals

Accepted Answer

The pressure to maintain consistency among beliefs and behaviors is more present in humans than animals. This is because humans have a greater ability to reflect on their own thoughts and actions and can experience cognitive dissonance when their beliefs or behaviors are not in alignment. Animals, on the other hand, are primarily driven by instinct and behavior patterns that are innate or learned through conditioning, and they do not have the same level of self-awareness and introspection that humans possess.

Question 19

Research in social cognition has more or less suggested that evaluation is part of perception.

Accepted Answer

Research in social cognition has shown that perception and evaluation are intertwined processes, and that people tend to make quick evaluations and judgments based on their perceptions of a situation or individual. This suggests that evaluation is, to some extent, part of perception.

Question 20

Palesa is a vegan, but she was forced (at gunpoint) to eat a steak last night.Research suggests that even under these highly unusual circumstances, she will still feel dissonance and try to rationalise her steak-eating to reduce this dissonance.

Accepted Answer

Under extreme circumstances like being forced at gunpoint, the external pressure is so strong that it typically eliminates cognitive dissonance, as the individual can attribute their actions to the coercion rather than their own choice.

Quiz 7: Attitudes, Beliefs and Consistency

As discussed in the text, gamblers use tricks to ____.

Research indicates that men show less attitude-behaviour consistency than women when it comes to sexuality.

Consumer surveys (e.g., questionnaires that ask people what products they like and use) are primarily used to measure people's implicit attitudes.

Inconsistency bothers certain animals, such as primates, dogs, and birds, as much as it bothers people.

Who is the most likely to be anxious, depressed, and/or low in self-esteem?

Research on religious beliefs shows that appealing to a higher (superordinate) power can be an effective way to reduce ____.

Your text proposes that religious belief

As discussed in the text, there are a number of cognitive tendencies found among gamblers that have the effect of encouraging these people to keep gambling.One of the MOST common is the tendency to see losses as ____.