Question 1

According to ____, people learn to behave aggressively in the same way that they learn other things - by direct experience and by observing others.
A)instrumental learning theory
B)social learning theory
C)relational aggression theory
D)the cultural relativity hypothesis

Accepted Answer

The statement mentions both direct experience and observation of others, which are key components of social learning theory. Instrumental learning theory focuses on the relationship between behavior and its consequences, while relational aggression theory specifically pertains to aggression in the context of interpersonal relationships. The cultural relativity hypothesis is not directly related to the learning of aggressive behavior.

Question 2

Albert Bandura's 'Bobo doll' research provided support for ____.
A)the idea of catharsis
B)the frustration-aggression hypothesis
C)social learning theory
D)the idea of displaced aggression

Accepted Answer

Bandura's Bobo doll research emphasized the role of observational learning in shaping behavior, which is a fundamental aspect of social learning theory. He argued that children learn by observing and imitating the behavior of others, and he demonstrated this through his experiment where children who witnessed aggressive behavior were more likely to imitate it when given the opportunity to play with the Bobo doll.

Question 3

In the initial conceptualisation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis, frustration was defined as ____.
A)blocking or interfering with a goal
B)a mild form of anger
C)anything that reduced pleasure
D)anything that wounded a person's ego or sense of self-esteem

Accepted Answer

In the initial conceptualisation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis, frustration was defined as blocking or interfering with a goal.

Question 4

Research suggests that people often learn to behave in particular ways based on modelling (observing and copying others' behaviours).Which statement BEST describes how aggressive and nonaggressive models work?
A)Aggressive models can increase aggressive behaviour.However, nonaggressive models do not appear to have much impact on people's behaviour.
B)Aggressive models can increase aggressive behaviour and nonaggressive models can decrease it.
C)Aggressive models do not appear to have much impact on people's behaviour.However, nonaggressive models can decrease aggressive behaviour.
D)Neither aggressive models nor nonaggressive models appear to have much impact on people's behaviour.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that both aggressive and nonaggressive models can impact people's behaviour. Aggressive models can increase aggressive behaviour, while nonaggressive models can decrease it. Therefore, the statement that aggressive and nonaggressive models can both have an impact on behaviour is the best choice.

Question 5

According to ____, human motivational forces, such as sex and aggression, are based on instincts.
A)Richard Nisbett
B)Walter Mischel
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Albert Bandura

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud proposed a theory of human motivation based on instincts, including sexual and aggressive instincts, which he believed were innate and largely unconscious.

Question 6

Are humans instinctively violent? It would be MOST accurate to say that ____.
A)humans are naturally more or less nonviolent, and that society encourages violence
B)humans are naturally somewhat violent, but that society can significantly change and shape aggressive patterns
C)humans are naturally violent, and society can ultimately have only a limited impact on levels of aggression
D)human aggression varies enormously across time and location-with some societies showing no violence at all and others showing large amounts of violence - and is therefore likely to be purely a product of culture

Accepted Answer

While humans do have some natural tendencies towards aggression, research suggests that there is a significant degree of socialization that can impact the levels and expressions of violence. Therefore, it is most accurate to say that humans are naturally somewhat violent, but that society can significantly change and shape aggressive patterns.

Question 7

What does the text conclude about the human 'instinct' for aggression?
A)There is no such thing.
B)Humans do seem to have an instinct for aggression, and culture seems to have little impact on it.
C)Humans do seem to have an instinct for aggression, and, in general, culture tends to feed that instinct and encourage even more aggression.
D)Humans do seem to have an instinct for aggression, but, in general, culture tends to curb that instinct and reduce aggression.

Accepted Answer

The text suggests that humans do have an instinct for aggression, but culture tends to curb that instinct and reduce aggression. This can be seen in the examples provided, such as the decline in violent crime rates in many Western countries over the past few decades, as well as in cross-cultural studies that have found differences in rates of aggression and violence between cultures with different norms and values.

Question 8

Palesa watches several pornographic films and then - without even realising it - imitates some of the behaviours from the films when she is with her boyfriend.The social learning process at play here is called ____.
A)projection
B)monitoring
C)validation
D)modeling

Accepted Answer

Modeling refers to the process of learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others. In this scenario, Palesa imitates the behaviors she observed in the pornographic films she watched with her boyfriend, which is an example of modeling. Therefore, the best choice is D.

Question 9

Research on social learning theory and aggression suggests that aggressive models can influence people to behave more aggressively ____.
A)but only if the model is live (rather than filmed)
B)but only if the model's target is a real person (rather than a doll)
C)but only if the model is live (rather than filmed) AND the model's target is a real person (rather than a doll)
D)regardless of whether the model is live or filmed, and regardless of whether the model's target is a real person (rather than a doll)

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that aggressive models can influence people to behave more aggressively regardless of whether the model is live or filmed and regardless of whether the model's target is a real person or a doll.

Question 10

Use of the internet to bully others is called ____.
A)identity theft
B)virtual littering
C)antisocial behaviour
D)cyberbullying

Accepted Answer

Cyberbullying refers to the use of the internet to bully or harass others. It involves sending or posting harmful or threatening messages or images through social media, email or text messages. Cyberbullying can have serious negative effects on victims such as depression, anxiety, and even suicide.

Question 11

As defined by Freud, the term thanatos refers to ____.
A)suicidal thinking
B)a destructive, death instinct
C)any same-sex competitive activity
D)an aggressive personality type

Accepted Answer

Thanatos refers to a destructive, death instinct. Freud believed that alongside the life instinct (eros), there existed a death instinct, which he called thanatos. According to him, thanatos drives aggressive and destructive behavior, including acts of self-destruction.

Question 12

According to research on social learning theory, when people are presented with aggressive models, what happens?
A)They experience catharsis.
B)They show a decrease in prosocial behaviours and an increase in aggressive feelings and behaviours.
C)They experience catharsis and show an increase in aggressive feelings and behaviours.
D)They experience catharsis, show a decrease in prosocial behaviours, and show an increase in aggressive feelings and behaviours.

Accepted Answer

Research on social learning theory has found that when people are exposed to aggressive models, they tend to imitate the aggressive behaviours and can show a decrease in prosocial behaviours, as well as an increase in aggressive feelings and behaviours. There is no evidence to suggest that exposure to aggressive models leads to catharsis.

Question 13

Which of the following is a well-known programme of aggression research based on the social learning paradigm?
A)Richard Nisbett's 'culture of honour' research
B)Muzafer Sherif's 'Robber's Cave' research
C)Philip Zimbardo's 'Stanford prison' research
D)Albert Bandura's 'Bobo doll' research

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura's 'Bobo doll' research is a well-known programme of aggression research based on the social learning paradigm. In this research, children were observed imitating the aggressive behaviors towards a Bobo doll that they had witnessed in a video. This supported the social learning theory that behavior can be learned through observation and modeling.

Question 14

The original formulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis was based on ____.
A)Freud's theories about aggression
B)social learning theory
C)behaviourist theories about aggression
D)evolutionary theories about aggression

Accepted Answer

Freud's theories about aggression were the basis for the original formulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis.

Question 15

Nkanyiso watches a film in which the main character aggressively yells at his mother when he doesn't get what he wants.Later that day, Nkanyiso yells at her own mother in a similar way after failing to get something she wants.The process at play here, according to social learning theorists, is ____.
A)projection
B)monitoring
C)validation
D)modeling

Accepted Answer

The process described here is modeling. Modeling is when an individual observes and imitates the behavior of others. In this case, Nkanyiso is observing the behavior of the main character in the film and imitating it by yelling at her own mother.

Question 16

The proposal that 'the occurrence of aggressive behaviour always presupposes the existence of frustration [and] the existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression' is known as ____.
A)the frustration-aggression hypothesis
B)the hostile expectation bias
C)relational aggression theory
D)displacement

Accepted Answer

The proposal that 'the occurrence of aggressive behaviour always presupposes the existence of frustration [and] the existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression' is known as the frustration-aggression hypothesis.

Question 17

In his early writings, Freud proposed that humans have a constructive, life-giving instinct, which he called ____.
A)Thanatos
B)Eros
C)Jocasta
D)Ares

Accepted Answer

Freud proposed the concept of two fundamental instincts in humans: Eros, the life-giving, constructive, and pleasure-seeking instinct, and Thanatos, the destructive and aggressive instinct. Jocasta and Ares are names from Greek mythology that are not related to Freud's concept of instincts.

Question 18

As discussed in the text, the Freudian theory of aggression ____.
A)seems to be basically correct for describing hostile aggression, but does not account for instrumental aggression
B)seems to be basically correct for describing same-sex, competitive forms of aggression, but does not account for other forms of aggression
C)needs a major overhaul
D)is basically right, but did not go far enough in specifying how people decide whether or not to act upon aggressive impulses

Accepted Answer

The text suggests that the Freudian theory of aggression needs a major overhaul, indicating that it is not a reliable or accurate description of aggression.

Question 19

What distinguishes bullying from other acts of aggression?
A)It is physical in nature.
B)It is social in nature.
C)It is persistent.
D)It is short-lived.

Accepted Answer

Bullying is characterized by its persistent nature, meaning it occurs repeatedly over time, distinguishing it from other acts of aggression that might be one-time occurrences.

Question 20

Freud proposed that people have a life-giving instinct as well as a 'death instinct'.He called the latter ____.
A)Jocasta
B)Eros
C)Oedipus
D)Thanatos

Accepted Answer

Freud proposed that people have two basic instincts - Eros (the life-giving instinct) and Thanatos (the death instinct). Thanatos refers to the drive towards destruction, decay, and death.

Quiz 10: Aggression and Antisocial Behavior

According to ____, people learn to behave aggressively in the same way that they learn other things - by direct experience and by observing others.

Albert Bandura's 'Bobo doll' research provided support for ____.

In the initial conceptualisation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis, frustration was defined as ____.

Research suggests that people often learn to behave in particular ways based on modelling (observing and copying others' behaviours) .Which statement BEST describes how aggressive and nonaggressive models work?

According to ____, human motivational forces, such as sex and aggression, are based on instincts.

Are humans instinctively violent? It would be MOST accurate to say that ____.

What does the text conclude about the human 'instinct' for aggression?

Palesa watches several pornographic films and then - without even realising it - imitates some of the behaviours from the films when she is with her boyfriend.The social learning process at play here is called ____.

Research on social learning theory and aggression suggests that aggressive models can influence people to behave more aggressively ____.

Use of the internet to bully others is called ____.

As defined by Freud, the term thanatos refers to ____.

According to research on social learning theory, when people are presented with aggressive models, what happens?

Which of the following is a well-known programme of aggression research based on the social learning paradigm?

The original formulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis was based on ____.

Nkanyiso watches a film in which the main character aggressively yells at his mother when he doesn't get what he wants.Later that day, Nkanyiso yells at her own mother in a similar way after failing to get something she wants.The process at play here, according to social learning theorists, is ____.

The proposal that 'the occurrence of aggressive behaviour always presupposes the existence of frustration [and] the existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression' is known as ____.

In his early writings, Freud proposed that humans have a constructive, life-giving instinct, which he called ____.

As discussed in the text, the Freudian theory of aggression ____.

What distinguishes bullying from other acts of aggression?

Freud proposed that people have a life-giving instinct as well as a 'death instinct'.He called the latter ____.