Question 1

Humanistic personality theories focus on

Accepted Answer

Humanistic personality theories emphasize the individual's potential for growth and self-actualization, whereas genetic factors, unconscious mental forces, and learning are emphasized by other personality theories.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is LEAST likely to be made by a humanist?

Accepted Answer

Humanists typically reject the idea that people are controlled by unconscious conflicts, as this is a belief more closely associated with psychoanalytic theory. Humanists tend to emphasize people's potential for growth and self-actualization.

Question 3

Ten-year-old Benjamin is often nervous about bringing report cards home to his parents.Although his parents say they love him, he feels that they only really love him when he obtains excellent grades in school.Based on the theory developed by Carl Rogers, Benjamin perceives his parents' affection as

Accepted Answer

Benjamin perceives his parents' affection as conditional, as he believes they only love him when he obtains excellent grades. This is likely to lead to incongruence in his self-concept, as he may feel that he is only loved based on his achievements rather than for who he is as a person. This is inconsistent with the concept of unconditional positive regard, which is a key component of Rogers' theory of personality.

Question 4

The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the

Accepted Answer

The humanistic approach emphasizes the inherent goodness and potential of human beings, and sees them as capable of reaching their fullest potential through self-actualization and personal growth. This approach is therefore the most optimistic view of human nature.

Question 5

Which theorist argues that people have a strong need for affection, love and acceptance from others?

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers developed the humanistic approach to psychology and believed that people have a basic need for positive regard from others. He argued that when people receive unconditional positive regard, they are more likely to develop a healthy sense of self and to reach their full potential.

Question 6

BOTH the psychoanalytic and behavioural theories of behaviour have been criticised for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Both the psychoanalytic and behavioural theories have been criticised for not recognising the unique qualities of human behaviour. Psychoanalytic theory is criticised for its focus on unconscious and instinctual drives, and behaviourism for its emphasis on observable behaviour and neglect of internal mental processes.

Question 7

The self or self-concept is the central focus of

Accepted Answer

The answer of The self or self-concept is the central...

Question 8

The collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behaviour is referred to as one's ____, according to Rogers.

Accepted Answer

Rogers defined self-concept as a collection of beliefs about oneself including one's nature, unique qualities and typical behavior. Phenomenology refers to the subjective experience of an individual and is not specific to self-beliefs. State of incongruence and level of self-actualization are concepts related to Rogers' theory of personality development, but do not refer specifically to one's self-concept.

Question 9

According to Rogers, the degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience is termed

Accepted Answer

Rogers coined the term "incongruence" to refer to the degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience.

Question 10

Which of the following approaches to personality is MOST firmly rooted in empirical research?

Accepted Answer

The behavioural approach to personality is firmly rooted in empirical research and based on observable behaviours, which can be studied and measured. This approach emphasizes the role of environmental factors and learning experiences in shaping individual personalities, and has been supported by many empirical studies. In contrast, the psychoanalytic approach is more theoretical and based on subjective interpretations of unconscious motivations, whereas the humanistic and cognitive approaches are more focused on subjective experiences and mental processes rather than observable behaviours.

Question 11

Which of the following approaches to personality is MOST likely to be criticised for denying the existence of free will and the importance of cognitive processes?

Accepted Answer

The behavioural approach focuses on observable behaviours and external factors such as rewards and punishments, and does not place much emphasis on free will or internal mental processes. This lack of emphasis on cognitive processes and free will has been criticized by some psychologists.

Question 12

According to Rogers, for a child to develop a healthy personality, the parents must

Accepted Answer

According to Rogers, unconditional positive regard, or exhibiting unconditional love and acceptance toward the child, is necessary for healthy personality development. Punishment and an atmosphere of intellectual stimulation are not mentioned as essential factors, and while addressing ego needs may be important, it is not as central to Rogers' theory as unconditional positive regard. Therefore, choice C is the best answer.

Question 13

Rashad thinks of himself as an outgoing, sociable person.All his friends would agree; most of them think he is one of the most friendly, upbeat people they have ever met.According to Carl Rogers, Rashad is likely to

Accepted Answer

According to Carl Rogers' theory of self-concept, congruence is achieved when a person's self-image and actual behavior match. As Rashad sees himself as outgoing and sociable, and his friends agree with that assessment, he is likely experiencing congruence. The other options (B, C, and D) do not apply to Rashad based on the information given.

Question 14

The personality theory of Carl Rogers is known as

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers' personality theory is also known as person-centered theory, which focuses on the belief that individuals have a natural tendency towards personal growth and self-actualization. Rogers believed that individuals can achieve their full potential when they are in a supportive environment that allows them to fully express themselves and be accepted without judgment.

Question 15

Thomas describes himself as an open and relaxed individual, but people who know him well would describe Thomas as secretive and tense.According to Carl Rogers, Thomas is likely to

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers believed that incongruence between a person's self-concept and their actual experiences creates tension and anxiety, leading to a lack of openness and defensiveness. Therefore, Thomas's self-description does not match how he is perceived by others, which suggests incongruence.

Question 16

Dr Lindie believes that it is necessary to understand each individual's personal, subjective experiences if you are to truly understand that individual's personality and behaviour.Dr Lindie's views most closely mirror those of the

Accepted Answer

Dr Lindie's belief that understanding an individual's subjective experiences is important for understanding personality and behavior aligns most closely with the humanistic perspective, which emphasizes the unique experiences and perspectives of individuals. The biological perspective focuses more on genetics and neuroscience, the behavioral perspective on observable behavior and conditioning, and the psychodynamic perspective on unconscious conflicts and early experiences.

Question 17

According to Rogers, children who experience ____ love or affection tend to develop an incongruent self-concept as a result of blocking from their self-concept those experiences that did not receive parental affection.

Accepted Answer

Rogers believed that children who experience conditional love or affection, meaning they are only loved or praised when they behave or achieve in certain ways, tend to develop an incongruent self-concept. This is because they block out experiences and feelings that do not receive parental affection, causing them to only accept and identify with certain aspects of themselves rather than their whole selves.

Question 18

Which of the following theoretical perspectives would be least likely to rely on animal research?

Accepted Answer

The humanistic approach in psychology emphasizes the subjective experience and unique qualities of human beings, and therefore is less likely to rely on animal research as it is focused on human experience and human potential for growth and self-actualization.

Question 19

Which of the following theoretical perspectives would be most likely to argue that a person's subjective view of the world is more important than the objective reality?

Accepted Answer

The humanistic approach focuses on the individual's subjective experience and self-actualization rather than objective reality or external factors. Therefore, it is most likely to argue that a person's subjective view of the world is more important than objective reality.

Question 20

According to Rogers, experiences that threaten a person's self-concept often result in the person experiencing

Accepted Answer

According to Rogers, experiences that threaten a person's self-concept often result in the person experiencing anxiety. This is because the person may feel that their sense of self is being challenged or contradicted, leading to a state of discomfort and a desire to resolve the dissonance between their self-concept and their experiences.

Quiz 12: Personality Theories