Question 1

To this date, Ehrlich's is the only high quality death penalty research that proves the death penalty deters murder.

Accepted Answer

There is ongoing debate among researchers and scholars regarding the efficacy of the death penalty as a deterrent to murder. While some studies, including Ehrlich's research, suggest a correlation between the use of the death penalty and a decrease in murder rates, other studies have found no significant impact or have even suggested that the use of the death penalty may lead to an increase in violent crime. Therefore, it is not accurate to say that Ehrlich's is the only high quality research that proves the death penalty deters murder.

Question 2

The fatalistic offender assumes that they will escape arrest and reap the rewards that crime has to offer.

Accepted Answer

The fatalistic offender often believes that they are doomed to fail or be caught, rather than assuming they will escape arrest and enjoy the rewards of their crimes.

Question 3

One of the reasons for being skeptical about how effectively deterrence-oriented policies are translated into practice is that

Accepted Answer

D

Question 4

Scared Straight programs are designed to deter by provoking fear in order to make crime seem more costly than beneficial to juveniles.

Accepted Answer

Scared Straight programs are based on the premise that juveniles can be deterred from committing crimes by experiencing the negative consequences of prison life. The programs are often designed to shock and intimidate participants through graphic descriptions of violence and intimidation, confrontations with inmates, and tours of facilities. The goal is to make the idea of going to prison seem more frightening and unappealing than the rewards of criminal behavior. However, research has shown that Scared Straight programs may actually increase the likelihood of future offending and have other negative effects on participants.

Question 5

Evaluations of Scared Straight programs revealed that

Accepted Answer

Evaluations have shown that Scared Straight programs not only did not reduce crime, but some even had adverse outcomes such as an increase in aggressive behavior. Therefore, option B is the correct answer. Options A, C, and D are not supported by research findings. While some programs may not have been implemented as intended, this is not a consistent finding across all evaluations. Cost-effectiveness may vary depending on the specific program and context. Finally, while there is some evidence that Scared Straight programs may deter some first-time offenders, they are not effective for chronic offenders.

Question 6

Walker credits much of the decline in the motor vehicle death rate to social policies rather than criminal justice policies.

Accepted Answer

Walker specifically mentions policies such as road design, vehicle safety standards, and public education as contributing factors to the decline in the motor vehicle death rate. He does not focus on criminal justice policies.

Question 7

Reasons provided to explain why offenders commit crime when they assess the bad consequences include ALL BUT WHICH of the following

Accepted Answer

This statement is not true, as offenders often assess the potential financial rewards of their criminal actions accurately. The other reasons listed, including impulsive behavior, lack of legitimate job opportunities, and overestimation of short-term gains, are commonly cited factors that contribute to criminal behavior.

Question 8

Programs known as __________ exposed juveniles to prison conditions in order to provide direct evidence of the unpleasant consequences of criminal behavior.

Accepted Answer

The program described in the question is commonly referred to as "Scared Straight." The program brings juveniles to a prison facility and exposes them to prison conditions and inmates in order to deter them from criminal behavior. Choices A, B, and D are not relevant to the question.

Question 9

It is important to distinguish between

Accepted Answer

Option B distinguishes between the deterrent effect of criminal law and the impact of other social institutions on crime. It recognizes the importance of multiple factors in reducing crime, including education, employment, and social welfare programs. The other options either focus on variations of deterrence or do not adequately distinguish between different approaches to crime prevention.

Question 10

Walker proposes that the death penalty does not deter homicides.

Accepted Answer

Walker argues that there is no evidence to support the claim that the death penalty deters homicides.

Question 11

The theory of deterrence rests on a number of assumptions including

Accepted Answer

The theory of deterrence assumes that people act rationally and will only commit a crime if they do not perceive the consequences as unpleasant enough to deter them. This assumption is central to the theory's effectiveness in preventing crime. The other choices are not accurate assumptions of the theory of deterrence. For example, research suggests that certainty of punishment is more important than severity, the Criminal Justice System is not the only institution able to promote deterrence, and UCR data is not always a reliable indicator of risk of apprehension.

Question 12

_____(1)_____ deterrence is directed at individual offenders while _____(2)_____ deterrence is directed at society as a whole

Accepted Answer

Specific deterrence aims to prevent an individual offender from committing crimes in the future by punishing them harshly for their current offense. General deterrence, on the other hand, aims to prevent other members of society from committing crimes by making an example out of the offender and showing the consequences of criminal behavior. Therefore, the best choice is A, where (1) specific deterrence is directed at individual offenders, and (2) general deterrence is directed at society as a whole.

Question 13

The "pulling levers" strategy has been shown to be effective in deterring crime because it is focused on select targets.

Accepted Answer

The pulling levers strategy involves identifying a small group of highly active offenders and targeting them with a combination of law enforcement, community engagement, and social services. By focusing on this select group, the strategy has been shown to effectively reduce crime in high-crime areas.

Question 14

An analysis of Rand Inmate Survey data revealed that the inmates acted rationally in calculating the costs and benefits of crime.

Accepted Answer

The analysis of Rand Inmate Survey data supports the rational choice theory, which suggests that individuals engage in a cost-benefit analysis before committing a crime. The survey found that inmates considered factors such as the likelihood of getting caught, potential sentence length, and potential rewards before engaging in criminal behavior. Therefore, they acted rationally in calculating the costs and benefits of their actions.

Question 15

The theory of deterrence

Accepted Answer

The theory of deterrence is not the oldest criminal justice theory on record (A) and it is not one of the youngest criminal justice theories on record (B). The theory of deterrence is complex in its requirements as it requires not only a punishment but also the belief that the punishment will deter future criminal behavior, but its application to actual practice is even more complex as it is often difficult to know how to effectively deter individuals from committing certain crimes (C). Therefore, D is incorrect as the theory of deterrence is not simple to practice.

Question 16

Crackdowns are an effective strategy that deters drunk driving for a long period of time.

Accepted Answer

Crackdowns may temporarily reduce drunk driving incidents due to increased law enforcement presence and penalties, but their effectiveness tends to diminish over time without sustained efforts and complementary strategies such as public education and alternative transportation options.

Question 17

This deterrence type refers to a relative improvement over what we are currently achieving

Accepted Answer

Marginal deterrence refers to a relatively small improvement over the current level of deterrence. It is based on the assumption that individuals will be less likely to commit a crime if the punishment for that crime is increased, even by a small amount. This type of deterrence is often used in sentencing decisions, where judges may impose slightly harsher sentences for repeat offenders or for crimes that are considered to be more serious.

Question 18

The typical victim in an alcohol-related crash is the drunk driver who has no criminal justice record of drunk driving.

Accepted Answer

Most drunk drivers involved in crashes do not have a prior criminal record for drunk driving, indicating that many individuals involved in these incidents are first-time offenders or have not been previously caught or convicted.

Question 19

Liberal policy makers favor

Accepted Answer

Liberal policy makers tend to focus on addressing the root causes of crime, such as poverty and inequality, through social policies such as education, job training, and healthcare. They believe that investing in these types of programs will ultimately lead to a reduction in crime, rather than relying solely on punishment and deterrence-based policies.

Question 20

Liberals typically favor deterrence-oriented policies because they favor prevention.

Accepted Answer

Liberals typically favor rehabilitation-oriented policies over deterrence because they focus on addressing the root causes of crime and believe in the potential for individuals to change.

Quiz 6: Deter the Criminals

To this date, Ehrlich's is the only high quality death penalty research that proves the death penalty deters murder.

The fatalistic offender assumes that they will escape arrest and reap the rewards that crime has to offer.

One of the reasons for being skeptical about how effectively deterrence-oriented policies are translated into practice is that

Scared Straight programs are designed to deter by provoking fear in order to make crime seem more costly than beneficial to juveniles.

Evaluations of Scared Straight programs revealed that

Walker credits much of the decline in the motor vehicle death rate to social policies rather than criminal justice policies.

Reasons provided to explain why offenders commit crime when they assess the bad consequences include ALL BUT WHICH of the following

Programs known as __________ exposed juveniles to prison conditions in order to provide direct evidence of the unpleasant consequences of criminal behavior.

It is important to distinguish between

Walker proposes that the death penalty does not deter homicides.

The theory of deterrence rests on a number of assumptions including

___(1) _ deterrence is directed at individual offenders while _(2) ___ deterrence is directed at society as a whole

The "pulling levers" strategy has been shown to be effective in deterring crime because it is focused on select targets.

An analysis of Rand Inmate Survey data revealed that the inmates acted rationally in calculating the costs and benefits of crime.

The theory of deterrence

Crackdowns are an effective strategy that deters drunk driving for a long period of time.

This deterrence type refers to a relative improvement over what we are currently achieving

The typical victim in an alcohol-related crash is the drunk driver who has no criminal justice record of drunk driving.

Liberal policy makers favor

Liberals typically favor deterrence-oriented policies because they favor prevention.

Quiz 6: Deter the Criminals

To this date, Ehrlich's is the only high quality death penalty research that proves the death penalty deters murder.

The fatalistic offender assumes that they will escape arrest and reap the rewards that crime has to offer.

One of the reasons for being skeptical about how effectively deterrence-oriented policies are translated into practice is that

Scared Straight programs are designed to deter by provoking fear in order to make crime seem more costly than beneficial to juveniles.

Evaluations of Scared Straight programs revealed that

Walker credits much of the decline in the motor vehicle death rate to social policies rather than criminal justice policies.

Reasons provided to explain why offenders commit crime when they assess the bad consequences include ALL BUT WHICH of the following

Programs known as __________ exposed juveniles to prison conditions in order to provide direct evidence of the unpleasant consequences of criminal behavior.

It is important to distinguish between

Walker proposes that the death penalty does not deter homicides.

The theory of deterrence rests on a number of assumptions including

_____(1) _____ deterrence is directed at individual offenders while _____(2) _____ deterrence is directed at society as a whole

The "pulling levers" strategy has been shown to be effective in deterring crime because it is focused on select targets.

An analysis of Rand Inmate Survey data revealed that the inmates acted rationally in calculating the costs and benefits of crime.

The theory of deterrence

Crackdowns are an effective strategy that deters drunk driving for a long period of time.

This deterrence type refers to a relative improvement over what we are currently achieving

The typical victim in an alcohol-related crash is the drunk driver who has no criminal justice record of drunk driving.

Liberal policy makers favor

Liberals typically favor deterrence-oriented policies because they favor prevention.

___(1) _ deterrence is directed at individual offenders while _(2) ___ deterrence is directed at society as a whole