Question 1

All are elements of Maslow's hierarchy of needs except:
A) Physical
B) Safety
C) Love
D) Self esteem
E) Money

Accepted Answer

Money is not one of the elements in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. The hierarchy of needs includes physiological needs (such as food, water, and shelter), safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.

Question 2

Strain theory states that when these basic needs are not met, crime occurs.
A) Money and personal attachment
B) Culture and social structure
C) Societal organization and government control
D) Neighborhood organization and community involvement

Accepted Answer

Strain theory suggests that crime occurs when individuals are unable to achieve cultural and social goals through legitimate means due to the structure of society, which creates a sense of strain or pressure to resort to criminal activity as a means of achieving those goals. This theory highlights the importance of examining the social and cultural values that influence individuals' behavior and the structural barriers that limit their opportunities.

Question 3

When talking about deterrence and we want to discourage general behavior we are said to be using __________ deterrence.
A) General
B) Specific
C) Anomie
D) Intense

Accepted Answer

General deterrence is aimed at discouraging a general population from committing crimes by showing the consequences faced by those who do. Specific deterrence, on the other hand, focuses on deterring specific individuals from repeating the same crime by punishing them severely. Anomie is a societal condition where individuals are in a state of normlessness and lack of moral guidance, which can lead to increased crime. Intense deterrence is not a recognized term or concept in criminology.

Question 4

Labeling theory focuses on 3 interrelated processes, which is not one of the processes.
A) How and why certain behaviors are criminal or deviant
B) The response to crime or deviance by the authorities
C) The effects of such definitions and official reactions to those being labeled
D) The relationship between those labeled and the social environment in which they live

Accepted Answer

Labeling theory primarily concerns itself with the process of defining certain behaviors as criminal or deviant (A), the reaction of authorities to these behaviors (B), and the effects of these definitions and reactions on the individuals who are labeled (C). It does not directly focus on the relationship between those labeled and their social environment, which is more a consequence of the labeling process rather than a core focus of the theory itself.

Question 5

Which is the best definition of a Marxist theory?
A) Criminal behavior is learned via interaction with others
B) People freely choose to commit crime based on self interest
C) Crime stems from community characteristics such as poverty
D) Gangs are products of social inequality brought on by capitalism

Accepted Answer

Marxist theory posits that social inequality and oppression, particularly under capitalism, lead to crime and deviance. Gangs are seen as a result of this systemic oppression and inequality, which ultimately drives individuals to form groups for protection and survival.

Question 6

Which theory states that gangs exist because the community in which they exist has values in contrast to middle class society?
A) Conflict
B) Cultural Deviance
C) Strain
D) Control

Accepted Answer

The Cultural Deviance theory argues that gangs exist because the community in which they exist has values that are in contrast to middle-class society. This theory emphasizes the influence of cultural norms and values, particularly those related to street culture, on gang involvement. The other theories listed (Conflict, Strain, and Control) offer different explanations for gang formation and participation.

Question 7

The essence of social control theory is:
A) The absence of social control accounts for delinquency
B) The absence of community standards accounts for delinquency
C) The absence of guardians accounts for delinquency
D) The influence of deviance accounts for delinquency

Accepted Answer

Social control theory argues that delinquency occurs when an individual's ties to conventional institutions such as family, friends, and school are weak or absent. This lack of social control means that individuals are not effectively socialized into the norms and values of society and are therefore more likely to engage in delinquent behavior.

Question 8

Robert Merton borrowed the term "Anomie" from:
A) Emile Durkheim
B) Cesare Lombroso
C) Edwin Sotherland
D) Edmond Lockard

Accepted Answer

Robert Merton borrowed the term "anomie" from Emile Durkheim, who used it to describe a state of normlessness or a breakdown in social order. Merton applied the concept of anomie to explain the strain experienced by individuals who are unable to achieve certain goals due to social structure and the limitations it imposes on them.

Question 9

In which social theory do individuals freely commit crime based on self-interest?
A) Conflict
B) Labeling
C) Learning
D) Rational Choice

Accepted Answer

Rational Choice theory suggests that individuals commit crime based on a rational decision-making process, weighing the benefits and costs of committing the crime. It assumes that individuals act in their own self-interest and make choices based on their goals, values, and available information.

Question 10

The theory of differential association was developed by:
A) Karl Marx
B) Cloward Ohlin
C) Cesare Beccaria
D) Edwin Sutherland

Accepted Answer

The theory of differential association was developed by Edwin Sutherland in 1939.

Question 11

Cesare Lombroso wrote essays on crime and punishment.

Accepted Answer

Cesare Lombroso was an Italian criminologist known for his theory of anthropological criminology, but he did not specifically write essays titled "On Crime and Punishment." That title is more closely associated with Cesare Beccaria, another Italian criminologist.

Question 12

Which classical theorist was a major influence during the period of enlightenment?
A) Lombroso
B) Beccaria
C) Sutherland
D) Lockhard

Accepted Answer

Beccaria was a major influence during the period of enlightenment with his work "On Crimes and Punishments" which advocated for a more humane criminal justice system, including the abolition of torture and the death penalty. Lombroso was a positivist criminologist who came after the period of enlightenment, Sutherland was a modern criminologist, and Lockhard is not a known classical theorist.

Question 13

When delinquency is learned via association with others we say this is an example of:
A) Rational choice theory
B) Labeling theory
C) Learning theory
D) Cultural deviance theory

Accepted Answer

The answer of When delinquency is learned via association with...

Question 14

All are core values of the "American Dream" according to the text except:
A) Achievement
B) Individualism
C) Fetish of money
D) Free speech

Accepted Answer

The answer of All are core values of the "American...

Question 15

Ration choice theory is product of what school of theory?
A) Classical
B) Biological
C) Psychological
D) Social

Accepted Answer

Rational choice theory is a product of the classical school of criminology, which emphasizes human rationality and the idea that individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the potential benefits and risks. It suggests that individuals will engage in criminal behavior if they believe the benefits of the crime, such as money or power, outweigh the potential costs, such as arrest or imprisonment.

Question 16

Merton identified modes of adaptation. Which is not one of Merton's modes of adaptation?
A) Rebellion
B) Retreatism
C) Conformity
D) Bonding

Accepted Answer

Merton identified five modes of adaptation: conformity (acceptance of cultural goals and the means to achieve them), innovation (acceptance of cultural goals but rejection of conventional means to achieve them), ritualism (rejection of cultural goals but acceptance of conventional means to achieve them), retreatism (rejection of both cultural goals and the conventional means to achieve them), and rebellion (rejection of cultural goals and means but replacement with new ones to create a new society). However, "bonding" is not one of Merton's modes of adaptation.

Question 17

Which is not an element of Park & Burgess's concentric zone model?
A) Central business district
B) Transition zone
C) Housing project zone
D) Commuter zone

Accepted Answer

The concentric zone model includes the central business district, transition zone, and commuter zone. However, the housing project zone is not a part of this model.

Question 18

Who took a variation of strain theory and created "differential opportunity structure"?
A) Park & Burgess
B) Edwin Sutherland
C) Cloward & Ohlin
D) Karl Marx

Accepted Answer

Cloward and Ohlin took a variation of strain theory and created the concept of "differential opportunity structure."

Question 19

When deviance takes on self-identifying features, this is known as:
A) Primary deviance
B) Labeling
C) Secondary deviance
D) Social control

Accepted Answer

Secondary deviance occurs when an individual internalizes the label of deviant and begins to incorporate it into their self-identity. This can lead to a cycle of further deviant behavior and stronger identification with the deviant label. Primary deviance refers to initial deviant behavior, while labeling and social control are related concepts but not directly related to the internalization of deviant identity.

Question 20

Utilitarianism in its simplest form is:
A) The severity of the punishment
B) The intensity of the punishment
C) The practicality of the punishment
D) The humility involved with the punishment

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism is a theory that states that the best course of action is the one that maximizes overall happiness and minimizes overall pain or suffering. Therefore, the practicality of the punishment is the most relevant factor in determining its utilitarian value. The severity or intensity of the punishment may not necessarily reduce overall pain or suffering, but instead may cause more harm than good, ultimately increasing overall pain or suffering. Similarly, the humility involved with the punishment is not necessarily relevant to its utilitarian value.

Quiz 7: Why Are There Gangs

All are elements of Maslow's hierarchy of needs except:

Strain theory states that when these basic needs are not met, crime occurs.

When talking about deterrence and we want to discourage general behavior we are said to be using __________ deterrence.

Labeling theory focuses on 3 interrelated processes, which is not one of the processes.

Which is the best definition of a Marxist theory?

Which theory states that gangs exist because the community in which they exist has values in contrast to middle class society?

The essence of social control theory is:

Robert Merton borrowed the term "Anomie" from:

In which social theory do individuals freely commit crime based on self-interest?

The theory of differential association was developed by:

Cesare Lombroso wrote essays on crime and punishment.

Which classical theorist was a major influence during the period of enlightenment?

When delinquency is learned via association with others we say this is an example of:

All are core values of the "American Dream" according to the text except:

Ration choice theory is product of what school of theory?

Merton identified modes of adaptation. Which is not one of Merton's modes of adaptation?

Which is not an element of Park & Burgess's concentric zone model?

Who took a variation of strain theory and created "differential opportunity structure"?

When deviance takes on self-identifying features, this is known as:

Utilitarianism in its simplest form is: