Despite the recent influx of research on gangs, there is still much to be learned. This is especially true when considering the wide variations in gang structures from one city to another. More than a dozen years ago. Describe Hagedorn's observations.

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The Answer is A major conclusion of this study is the uniqueness and variability of modern gangs and the importance of local factors in understanding and fashioning a flexible response. But on another level, this book is a challenge for both sociologists and practitioners to go beyond the law enforcement paradigm in both theory and policy. The development of an urban minority underclass in the last decades, first in large cities and more recently in middle and small sized cities, has altered the nature of gangs and demands new investigation and new policies. (Hagedorn 1998:33)

Despite the Recent Influx of Research on Gangs, There Is