Question 1

Statistical discrimination is based upon
A)stereotyping.
B)inadequate assessment of applicants' qualifications.
C)knowledge of an applicant's group membership.
D)knowledge of the average qualifications of a group.
E)a, b, c, and d

Accepted Answer

Statistical discrimination involves making decisions based on stereotypes, inadequate assessment of individual qualifications, knowledge of an applicant's group membership, and assumptions based on the average qualifications of a group.

Question 2

Examining wages for full-time and year-round people in the same occupation, we can conclude
A)men have better education.
B)women have better education.
C)women are more likely to work part-time.
D)men have greater job experience.
E)there remains a substantial gap between men and women.

Accepted Answer

Even when comparing wages for full-time and year-round workers in the same occupation, there is still a significant gap between men and women. This suggests that factors beyond education, part-time work, or job experience are contributing to the wage gap, such as discrimination or differences in negotiation skills.

Question 3

Occupational steering is a mechanism that can reinforce
A)occupational segregation
B)comparable worth
C)the cultural division of labor
D)both a and c
E)both b and c

Accepted Answer

Occupational steering refers to the ways in which individuals are encouraged or guided to pursue certain occupations based on their gender, race, or ethnicity. This can lead to occupational segregation, where individuals from certain groups are concentrated in lower-paying or less prestigious occupations. It can also reinforce the cultural division of labor, where certain occupations are seen as more appropriate for men or women. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as occupational steering can reinforce both occupational segregation and the cultural division of labor. Option E is incorrect as it only mentions comparable worth, which is unrelated to the concept of occupational steering.

Question 4

The downwardly mobile and the underclass would be likely to
A)receive welfare.
B)belong to unions.
C)inherit their social status.
D)hold low-paying jobs.
E)have health benefits.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The downwardly mobile and the underclass would...

Question 5

When Malcolm X was discouraged from becoming a lawyer and encouraged to become a carpenter, he experienced
A)occupational mobility.
B)an occupational subculture.
C)occupational steering.
D)the sequential life plan.
E)block scheduling.

Accepted Answer

Malcolm X experienced occupational steering when he was discouraged from becoming a lawyer and instead encouraged to become a carpenter. Occupational steering refers to the process by which individuals are guided or directed towards certain careers based on societal expectations or biases, such as race or gender. In this case, Malcolm X may have been steered towards carpentry because of societal beliefs about the limited opportunities for black lawyers during that time period.

Question 6

Mr.Ostrowski's suggestion to Malcolm X that he become a carpenter instead of a lawyer is an example of
A)pragmatic job counseling.
B)occupational guidance.
C)occupational steering.
D)early job socialization.
E)lateral mobility.

Accepted Answer

Mr. Ostrowski's suggestion to Malcolm X to become a carpenter instead of a lawyer can be categorized as occupational steering, where an individual is guided towards a particular occupation based on their perceived abilities and social background, rather than their personal preferences and abilities. Pragmatic job counseling (A) and occupational guidance (B) involve providing information and assistance in choosing an occupation that aligns with one's interests, skills, and values. Early job socialization (D) involves the process of learning the social and cultural norms and values related to a specific job or occupation, while lateral mobility (E) refers to the movement of an individual from one occupation or job to another at the same level in the occupational hierarchy.

Question 7

The opportunity structure refers to
A)the relative availability of good jobs.
B)the number of employers who offer equal pay.
C)the number of employers who forbid sexual harassment.
D)the amount of intragenerational social mobility.
E)channeling women or minorities into jobs considered appropriate.

Accepted Answer

The opportunity structure refers to the relative availability of good jobs, which impacts individuals' chances of achieving economic success and social mobility.

Question 8

The principle that equally-skilled but sex-segregated jobs should be equally compensated is called:
A)sex integration.
B)compensation equity.
C)occupational steering.
D)residual reduction.
E)comparable worth.

Accepted Answer

The principle that equally-skilled but sex-segregated jobs should be equally compensated is referred to as comparable worth. This is an important principle in achieving pay equity and addressing gender-based discrimination in the workplace. The other answer choices (A) sex integration, (B) compensation equity, (C) occupational steering, and (D) residual reduction are not directly related to this principle.

Question 9

This is the idea that jobs of equal value or contribution should be paid equally.
A)Affirmative action
B)Comparable worth
C)Tokenism
D)Statistical discrimination
E)Generalized equality

Accepted Answer

Comparable worth is the idea that jobs of equal value or contribution should be paid equally. This concept aims to address gender-based pay disparities and other forms of discrimination in the workplace.

Question 10

The glass ceiling refers to
A)a job that a worker can see but never attain.
B)a job level that no woman has attained.
C)transparency in job requirements.
D)discrimination in pay.
E)the highest marginal level of income taxation.

Accepted Answer

The glass ceiling refers to a job level that no woman has attained due to discrimination and barriers in advancement opportunities.

Question 11

Which of the following is accurate regarding women and minority representation in various occupations?
A)Women are underrepresented in professional jobs.
B)Blacks are overrepresented in craft occupations.
C)Both women and blacks are overrepresented in service jobs.
D)Neither women nor blacks are underrepresented in skilled crafts.
E)Women and minorities are proportionately represented in all occupations.

Accepted Answer

Women and blacks are indeed overrepresented in service jobs, reflecting broader trends in employment where certain demographics are more likely to be found in specific sectors. This overrepresentation is often due to a variety of factors, including historical discrimination, educational opportunities, and hiring practices.

Question 12

The fact that an advanced industrial society can support a middle class is most consistent with the work of
A)Karl Marx.
B)Max Weber.
C)Barbara Reskin.
D)Charles Tilly.
E)C.Wright Mills.

Accepted Answer

Max Weber's theory of social stratification emphasizes the importance of class, status, and power. He argued that a middle class emerges as a result of the growth of technology, bureaucracy, and rationalization in modern society. The middle class consists of individuals who have specialized knowledge or skills and hold white-collar jobs in the bureaucracy or private sector. Therefore, the fact that an advanced industrial society can support a middle class is most consistent with Weber's theory.

Question 13

Because of recent court decisions and referenda, affirmative action is today increasingly focused on
A)African-Americans and Latinos.
B)job quotas.
C)hiring goals.
D)active recruitment of women and minority applicants.
E)both b and c

Accepted Answer

Affirmative action is increasingly focused on active recruitment of women and minority applicants, as court decisions and referenda have moved away from quotas and specific hiring goals towards more inclusive practices.

Question 14

Sexual harassment in the workplace is most likely when
A)women are tokens.
B)women are numerically dominant.
C)women are in relatively powerless positions.
D)women are in relatively powerful positions.
E)there is an official organizational statement on sexual harassment.

Accepted Answer

Research shows that sexual harassment in the workplace is more likely to occur when women are in relatively powerless positions, such as lower-level positions or positions with little decision-making authority or control. When women are in positions of power, they may be less vulnerable to harassment due to their ability to assert themselves and their authority. Additionally, when women are in positions of power, they may be seen as less of a threat to men who feel the need to assert their dominance through harassment.

Question 15

Comparable worth means that
A)two people with the same qualifications should earn the same wage.
B)men and women should earn the same wage for the same job.
C)if two jobs have the same value, they should have the same wage.
D)identical positions should pay the same wage across companies.
E)two people who earn the same wage should do the same work.

Accepted Answer

Comparable worth means that if two jobs have the same value, they should have the same wage. This is based on the idea that jobs should be evaluated based on their skill requirements, working conditions, and responsibilities, rather than just historical or gender-based pay practices. This approach aims to address pay discrimination and ensure that workers are fairly compensated for the value of their work, regardless of their gender or other personal characteristics.

Question 16

Clark, a successful architect, has just been elected Senator from his state.In his
Victory address, he thanks his mother, who worked as a maid in a hotel.The
Contrast between Clark's jobs and his mother's job is an example of:
A)intergenerational mobility.
B)intragenerational mobility.
C)horizontal mobility.
D)career mobility.
E)contest mobility.

Accepted Answer

Intergenerational mobility refers to the movement of individuals or families from one social class or economic level to another compared to their parents' or grandparents' social class or economic level. Clark's rise from an architect to a senator is an example of intergenerational mobility, and the contrast between his job and his mother's job as a maid further illustrates this point.

Question 17

What are the obstacles faced by women in getting better jobs?
A. gender typing of jobs
B. socialization process different from men
C. lower educational qualification
D. family roles
A)A and B
B)A, B, C
C)A, B, D
D)B, C, D
E)A, C, D

Accepted Answer

The obstacles faced by women in getting better jobs include gender typing of jobs, meaning certain jobs are seen as more suitable for men than women; socialization process different from men, where women are often taught to prioritize family and care-giving roles over career aspirations; and family roles, where women are expected to take on more responsibilities for child-rearing and household management. While educational qualification can be a factor, it is not always the primary barrier for women in accessing better jobs. Therefore, options A, B, D, and E are not the best choice as they do not include all the obstacles mentioned. Option C includes all the correct obstacles, making it the best choice.

Question 18

Violet is the first woman supervisor in a large sales group.She finds her job very stressful, and although she works very hard she believes the men in her group do not respect her.Violet is suffering from
A)tokenism.
B)the glass ceiling.
C)gender discrimination.
D)white backlash.
E)stereotyping.

Accepted Answer

Violet is experiencing tokenism, which is the practice of hiring or promoting a person from a minority group to appear inclusive, but not actually granting them equal opportunities or respect. She is the first woman supervisor, but does not feel valued by her male colleagues.

Question 19

An unintended consequence of affirmative action has been:
A)a decline in sexual harassment
B)elimination of glass ceilings
C)a decline in tokenism
D)more openness and rigor in job decisions
E)a negative impact on the economy as a whole

Accepted Answer

Affirmative action policies, aimed at increasing diversity and correcting historical imbalances in employment and education, can lead to more openness and rigor in job decisions. This is because organizations often implement more structured and transparent processes to ensure compliance with affirmative action requirements, thereby potentially improving overall decision-making practices.

Question 20

According to the text, Affirmative Action has a number of consequences.Which of the following is NOT one?
A)The creation of a black middle class.
B)The elimination of the black underclass.
C)Increased resentment among whites.
D)The erosion of many racial hiring barriers.
E)New occupational opportunities for women.

Accepted Answer

The elimination of the black underclass is not listed as a consequence of Affirmative Action in the text. The other choices are all mentioned as potential effects of this policy.

Quiz 4: Class, Race, and Gender

Statistical discrimination is based upon

Examining wages for full-time and year-round people in the same occupation, we can conclude

Occupational steering is a mechanism that can reinforce

The downwardly mobile and the underclass would be likely to

When Malcolm X was discouraged from becoming a lawyer and encouraged to become a carpenter, he experienced

Mr.Ostrowski's suggestion to Malcolm X that he become a carpenter instead of a lawyer is an example of

The opportunity structure refers to

The principle that equally-skilled but sex-segregated jobs should be equally compensated is called:

This is the idea that jobs of equal value or contribution should be paid equally.

The glass ceiling refers to

Which of the following is accurate regarding women and minority representation in various occupations?

The fact that an advanced industrial society can support a middle class is most consistent with the work of

Because of recent court decisions and referenda, affirmative action is today increasingly focused on

Sexual harassment in the workplace is most likely when

Comparable worth means that

Clark, a successful architect, has just been elected Senator from his state.In his Victory address, he thanks his mother, who worked as a maid in a hotel.The Contrast between Clark's jobs and his mother's job is an example of:

What are the obstacles faced by women in getting better jobs? A. gender typing of jobs B. socialization process different from men C. lower educational qualification D. family roles

Violet is the first woman supervisor in a large sales group.She finds her job very stressful, and although she works very hard she believes the men in her group do not respect her.Violet is suffering from

An unintended consequence of affirmative action has been:

According to the text, Affirmative Action has a number of consequences.Which of the following is NOT one?