Question 1

After the American Revolution, how was addressing the suffering of individuals in criminal matters viewed?

Accepted Answer

After the American Revolution, addressing the suffering of individuals in criminal matters was deemed to be less important than the symbolic threat to the social order posed by lawbreakers. This reflects a period where maintaining social order and deterring crime were prioritized over individual rights and rehabilitation in the criminal justice system.

Question 2

Which of the following relates to the concept of "exemplary behavior under duress"?

Accepted Answer

Exemplary behavior under duress involves making a value judgment about how well someone behaves in difficult situations, rather than being a scientific term with objective criteria.

Question 3

The criminal justice system often marginalized victims by which of the following omissions?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The criminal justice system often marginalized victims...

Question 4

To spur the development of survivorology as an area of concentration within victimology, the two key concepts of resiliency and recovery need to be operationalized.Which of the following does this mean?

Accepted Answer

Operationalizing resiliency and recovery means estimating them numerically so that they can be quantified and measured. This allows for the development of specific interventions and strategies to enhance these concepts in survivors.

Question 5

When the 13 American colonies were settled, on which of the following (in addition to religious beliefs) were the earliest penal codes based?

Accepted Answer

The earliest penal codes in the 13 American colonies were based on English common law, as the colonies were largely settled by English colonists and influenced heavily by English legal traditions at the time.

Question 6

For much of America's penal history, which of the following has been overshadowed by the other primary goals?

Accepted Answer

Restorative justice, which focuses on the restoration of crime victims' well-being, has historically been overshadowed by other goals like deterrence, rehabilitation, and incapacitation in America's penal system.

Question 7

What is one negative effect of the attention victims receive from business?

Accepted Answer

When businesses target victims as customers, they may exploit their vulnerability for profit. This can be seen as unethical and exploitative.

Question 8

How do some survivorology researchers view the concept of resilience?

Accepted Answer

Some survivorology researchers view resilience as an emotional muscle that can be strengthened through practice and experience. They believe that resilience is not only an innate character trait, but also a set of behaviors and coping strategies that can be learned and developed over time. This view emphasizes the importance of building resilience before a crisis occurs, so that individuals are better equipped to manage adversity when it arises.

Question 9

Research into the "bystander effect" phenomenon has found which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Research has found that the more bystanders present, the less likely anyone will intercede. This is known as the bystander effect.

Question 10

Who normally begins the rediscovery process by bringing attention to a problem?

Accepted Answer

Activists are often the ones who bring attention to social problems and initiate the rediscovery process. They are usually passionate about a particular issue and work to raise awareness and advocate for change. Police agencies and courts may also play a role in rediscovery, but it is usually after activists have already brought attention to the problem. Visitors from other countries may observe issues, but they are not necessarily involved in the rediscovery process.

Question 11

Researchers found which of the following from surveying victims of crimes wherein third parties were present?

Accepted Answer

Researchers found that the presence of a third party who actively intervened was more often helpful to victims of crimes. This is because the intervention provided a sense of support and protection to the victim, and also increased the chances of the perpetrator being caught and punished.

Question 12

Which of the following laws mandates convicted sex offenders to register with their local police departments?

Accepted Answer

Megan's Law mandates convicted sex offenders to register with their local police departments. Leanne's Law, Kathy's Law, and Jenna's Law are not related to sex offender registration.

Question 13

Regarding courageous responses by victims to attackers, which of the following is the most accurate?

Accepted Answer

Victimologists study various cases to identify effective and safe responses by victims to attackers. This information can be used to educate people and develop strategies to prevent victimization. However, it is not possible to determine how often these responses occur or to provide warnings against them without adequate research and analysis. Choice B and D are incorrect. Choice C is not entirely accurate as victimologists study both public and media definitions, as well as their own analysis of the behavior.

Question 14

Which statement is most accurate about laws relative to onlookers who may intervene if they witness crimes in progress?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statement is most accurate about laws...

Question 15

Within victimology, what is the best distinction between the terms victim and survivor?

Accepted Answer

The terms victim and survivor both refer to individuals who have experienced a crime, but victim has more negative connotations, while survivor has more positive connotations. This distinction acknowledges the trauma and suffering experienced by the individual, while also highlighting their resilience and ability to overcome adversity.

Question 16

Which of the following were the first community organizations to empower victims?

Accepted Answer

Rape crisis centers and shelters for battered women were the first community organizations to empower victims, by providing them with a safe place to go and access to resources and support. Benevolent associations established by the police were more focused on charity and assistance to officers and their families. Information clearinghouses developed by advocates were important, but did not directly empower victims. Courtroom workgroups formed by defense attorneys were not focused on empowering victims, but rather on ensuring the rights of the accused.

Question 17

Sensationalism refers to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Sensationalism refers to the use of exaggerated or shocking stories in the media to attract and hold an audience's attention. This often involves exploitation of victims and can sometimes compromise journalistic ethics.

Question 18

Which of the following is the most common argument made by opponents in Stage 3 of the rediscovery process?

Accepted Answer

The most common argument made by opponents in Stage 3 of the rediscovery process is that we have gone too far in the protection of victims. These opponents argue that the pendulum has swung too far and that defendants' rights are being undermined in the process. They often highlight the importance of the presumption of innocence and the need for due process in criminal trials.

Question 19

Victims lost their last opportunity to participate actively in the process of presenting their experiences to a jury because of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Attorneys resolving most cases through plea negotiations means that the defendant will plead guilty in exchange for a lighter sentence or reduced charges, without going through a trial where victims could testify or share their experiences. This deprives victims of their last opportunity to actively participate in the process.

Question 20

Which stage in the sequential model of rediscovering victims involves the process of the typification of victim categories and identification of classic cases?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which stage in the sequential model of...

Quiz 11: Additional Groups of Victims With Special Problems