Question 1

Which of the following did not describe Brazilian Popular Music (MPB)?
A) It provided a catalyst for youthful protest against the dictatorship.
B) It often used love songs to thinly disguise lyrics that protested social injustice.
C) It imported jazz rhythms from the U.S. to appeal to middle-class values.
D) It became a target of military censors who banned its production and dissemination.

Accepted Answer

MPB did not primarily focus on importing jazz rhythms from the U.S. to appeal to middle-class values; instead, it was more about blending traditional Brazilian music with contemporary influences and often carried political and social messages.

Question 2

Augusto Pinochet overthrew Allende and sought to defend his neoliberal reforms by organizing
A) Feminine Power, upper class women committed to "traditional family values."
B) a vast "right wing conspiracy" among media moguls, foreign corporations, and the CIA.
C) the Popular Unity Party, a coalition of political parties with diverse ideological agendas.
D) "arpilleristas," a network of women who protested against dictatorship.

Accepted Answer

Pinochet's regime was supported by groups like Feminine Power, which consisted of upper-class women advocating for traditional family values, aligning with his conservative and neoliberal agenda.

Question 3

Which of these was not a form of popular resistance to the military dictatorship?
A) The creation of human rights organizations.
B) The development of "national rock," with outdoor concerts that protested the dictatorship.
C) The organization of women into groups like the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo.
D) The establishment of a well-organized and effective guerrilla insurrection.

Accepted Answer

The establishment of a well-organized and effective guerrilla insurrection was not a form of popular resistance to the military dictatorship. Instead, popular resistance often took non-violent forms such as human rights organizations, cultural movements like "national rock," and groups like the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo.

Question 4

The Brazilian military coup of 1964 resulted in
A) a dismantling of the state sector of the Brazilian economy.
B) a marked independence of the United States in foreign policy.
C) acceleration of the foreign takeover of Brazilian industry.
D) restoration of the death penalty for certain offenses against the state.

Accepted Answer

The 1964 coup led to policies that favored foreign investment and control, accelerating the foreign takeover of Brazilian industry.

Question 5

Women actively opposed Pinochet's dictatorship by doing all of the following except organizing:
A) Feminist Movement (MF) to call for "Democracy in the Nation and in the Home."
B) groups to bake and distribute bread with messages about clandestine opposition activities.
C) Mothers' Centers that included 10,000 women's groups with 230,000 members.
D) people to create arpilleras, a folk art that fashioned powerful indictments of dictatorship.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Women actively opposed Pinochet's dictatorship by doing...

Question 6

The military dictatorship in Argentina from 1976 to 1983
A) brought a tremendous economic boom to the nation.
B) engendered an unprecedented reign of terror.
C) vastly improved the status of the working class.
D) improved the upholding of civil rights.

Accepted Answer

The military dictatorship in Argentina from 1976 to 1983 was a period of state-sponsored terrorism, during which an estimated 30,000 people were killed or disappeared.

Question 7

In 1982 the United States and Mexico devised a solution for the Mexican crisis that
A) added new foreign debts to the old ones.
B) pardoned a large part of Mexico's foreign debt.
C) declared a moratorium on payment of interest and principal on the debt.
D) authorized U.S. purchase of large quantities of Mexican oil at prices above the world price.

Accepted Answer

The solution involved restructuring Mexico's existing debt by adding new loans to help manage the crisis, rather than pardoning or declaring a moratorium on the debt.

Question 8

Which of the following was NOT an achievement of Pinochet's government?
A) Restoration of potestad marital, husbands' right to control wives and their property.
B) Elimination of women's protective labor laws, including unemployment compensation.
C) Disqualification of women for legislative positions and reduction of their median income.
D) Reduction of the proportion of female heads of households.

Accepted Answer

Pinochet's government did not achieve a reduction in the proportion of female heads of households. In fact, economic policies and social changes during his regime often led to an increase in female-headed households.

Question 9

Brazil's military regime sought a way out of its growing economic and political difficulties by
A) increasing repression against the opposition.
B) implementing a strategy of limited détente and concessions to the opposition.
C) seeking U.S. economic assistance for the military regime.
D) legalizing the Communist party and other leftist parties.

Accepted Answer

The Brazilian military regime, facing economic and political challenges, opted for a strategy of limited détente and concessions to the opposition, which included controlled political liberalization and gradual opening to ease tensions and maintain control.

Question 10

The Brazilian church
A) supported government repression of unions and peasant leagues.
B) played a leading role in the struggle for social justice under the dictatorship.
C) denounced political activism by the clergy as contrary to church teaching.
D) exhibited a sharp division, with a majority supporting the military government.

Accepted Answer

The Brazilian church, particularly through the influence of liberation theology, played a significant role in advocating for social justice and opposing the dictatorship during the military regime in Brazil.

Question 11

Among the key characteristics of neoliberalism were
A) free trade, privatization, and incentives to foreign investors.
B) democracy and constitutional government.
C) state regulation and nationalization of non-renewable resources.
D) respect for civil liberties and free elections.

Accepted Answer

Neoliberalism emphasizes free trade, privatization, and attracting foreign investment, focusing on reducing state intervention in the economy.

Question 12

Neoliberalism in Latin America seemed to thrive under
A) democratic governments.
B) constitutional monarchies.
C) military dictatorships.
D) foreign military occupation.

Accepted Answer

Neoliberalism in Latin America thrived under military dictatorships because they provided the political stability and economic control necessary for its implementation.

Question 13

Which of the following did not characterize the Malvinas war?
A) It aimed to divert the nation from the regime's domestic terrorism.
B) It defended Argentina's national dignity against British colonialism.
C) It grossly miscalculated the support of the United States.
D) It was a blunder by the Radical party to obtain support from the military.

Accepted Answer

The Malvinas War, also known as the Falklands War, was initiated by the Argentine military junta, not the Radical party, to assert sovereignty over the islands and distract from domestic issues.

Question 14

Sarney's Plan Cruzado of 1986 called for
A) large cost-of-living adjustments to compensate for inflation.
B) a freeze on wages, prices, and rents.
C) a large public works program to reduce unemployment.
D) a program of subsidies for Brazilian exports.

Accepted Answer

The Plan Cruzado implemented by President José Sarney in 1986 aimed to control hyperinflation in Brazil by freezing wages, prices, and rents, among other measures.

Question 15

In the aftermath of Brazil's military dictatorship, the greatest external problem was the
A) foreign trade deficit.
B) routine interference by U.S. ambassadors in Brazil's internal affairs.
C) foreign debt, which in 1990 amounted to $120 billion.
D) nation's dependence on immigration to provide the labor force necessary to modernize.

Accepted Answer

Brazil faced a significant challenge with its foreign debt, which was a major issue in the aftermath of the military dictatorship, amounting to $120 billion in 1990. This debt burden was a critical external problem impacting the country's economic stability and development.

Question 16

Populist reforms sought social stability by unifying elites and subaltern peoples under the lofty rhetoric of
A) racial democracy.
B) nationalism.
C) free markets.
D) liberalism.

Accepted Answer

Populist reforms often use nationalism to unify different social groups by appealing to a shared national identity and common goals, which can help bridge divides between elites and subaltern peoples.

Question 17

Brazil's agricultural development since 1964 has been marked by
A) a shift from export production to increased stress on staple foods like manioc and corn.
B) resettling landless peasant families on new lands opened up in the Amazon Valley.
C) an explosion of land concentration and land grabbing.
D) revival of the poverty-ridden northeast region through construction of irrigation projects.

Accepted Answer

Since 1964, Brazil's agricultural development has been characterized by increased land concentration and land grabbing, often at the expense of small farmers and indigenous communities.

Question 18

Significant accomplishments of the new democratic constitution in 1988 included
A) guarantee of civil rights such as freedom of speech, assembly, and press.
B) vigorous enforcement of an agrarian law providing for distribution of land to the landless.
C) success in the fight against inflation.
D) a reduction of Brazil's foreign debt by half.

Accepted Answer

The new democratic constitution in 1988 in Brazil guaranteed civil rights such as freedom of speech, assembly, and press, marking a significant accomplishment in the country's democratic development.

Question 19

The economic crisis that struck Mexico in 1981-1982 was caused by
A) restrictions on oil imports from Mexico by the United States.
B) the flight of domestic and foreign capital from Mexico.
C) a sharp decline in the purchasing power of Mexicans.
D) a sharp decline in oil prices.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The economic crisis that struck Mexico in...

Question 20

During the 1970s and 1980s, the material foundation for populism was destroyed by
A) radical reforms that transformed existing social structures in Latin America.
B) policies that abolished the latifundio and neocolonialism.
C) high interest rates and plunging prices for raw material exports.
D) expensive social welfare programs and high taxes.

Accepted Answer

High interest rates and plunging prices for raw material exports during the 1970s and 1980s undermined the economic stability of many countries, leading to economic crises that eroded the material foundation for populism.

Quiz 12: Deconstructing the State: Dictatorship and Neoliberal Markets

Which of the following did not describe Brazilian Popular Music (MPB) ?

Augusto Pinochet overthrew Allende and sought to defend his neoliberal reforms by organizing

Which of these was not a form of popular resistance to the military dictatorship?

The Brazilian military coup of 1964 resulted in

Women actively opposed Pinochet's dictatorship by doing all of the following except organizing:

The military dictatorship in Argentina from 1976 to 1983

In 1982 the United States and Mexico devised a solution for the Mexican crisis that

Which of the following was NOT an achievement of Pinochet's government?

Brazil's military regime sought a way out of its growing economic and political difficulties by

The Brazilian church

Among the key characteristics of neoliberalism were

Neoliberalism in Latin America seemed to thrive under

Which of the following did not characterize the Malvinas war?

Sarney's Plan Cruzado of 1986 called for

In the aftermath of Brazil's military dictatorship, the greatest external problem was the

Populist reforms sought social stability by unifying elites and subaltern peoples under the lofty rhetoric of

Brazil's agricultural development since 1964 has been marked by

Significant accomplishments of the new democratic constitution in 1988 included

The economic crisis that struck Mexico in 1981-1982 was caused by

During the 1970s and 1980s, the material foundation for populism was destroyed by