Quiz 7: Learning

Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior resulting from experience. A)maturation B)development C)learning D)perception

The study of learning is closely associated with the __________ approach in psychology. A)psychodynamic B)Gestalt C)cognitive D)behaviorist

According to your text, the behaviorists viewed the study of learning as a more scientific alternative to the use of introspection. In this instance, the behaviorists were reacting to the work of the _________ psychologists. A)structuralist B)functionalist C)psychodynamic D)Gestalt

Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between learning on the one hand, and conditioning on the other A)Conditioning and learning are the same thing. B)Conditioning is part of learning. C)Learning is part of conditioning. D)Learning and conditioning are unrelated.

The ability to associate stimuli with responses is termed __________. A)conditioning B)learning C)perception D)cognition

Stimulus is to response as _________ is to __________. A)mind; body B)conditioning; learning C)environment; behavior D)behavior; environment

How are conditioning, insight, and modeling related, if they are at all A)Conditioning, insight, and modeling are all types of learning. B)Conditioning, insight, and modeling are all similar to learning. C)Conditioning, insight, and modeling are all the same type of learning. D)The three processes are unrelated.

___________ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology. A)Thorndike B)Skinner C)Pavlov D)Watson

Pavlov's dogs learned to associate the appearance of a lab assistant with the sight of food. This suggests that classical conditioning involves an association between: A)a stimulus and either another stimulus or a response B)a stimulus and a response C)two responses D)two stimuli

_________ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that would elicit the same response naturally. A)Classical conditioning B)Operant conditioning C)Observational learning D)Instrumental conditioning

Broadly speaking, nature is to nurture as the _______ is to the ________. A)CS; US B)CR; UR C)neutral stimulus; CS D)UR; CR

In Pavlov's study, the US was _______; the neutral stimulus was _________; and, finally, the CS was _________. A)meat; the bell; meat B)the bell; the bell; meat C)the bell; meat; meat D)meat; the bell; the bell

Tim loves dill pickles. Now, the sight of a jar on the supermarket shelf makes his mouth water. In the terminology of classical conditioning, the sight of the jar is a(n) _________. A)CS B)US C)neutral stimulus D)CR

Alexis uses cocaine, which activates her sympathetic nervous system. Expecting her dealer, her hands shake and her heart pounds. Which alternative below correctly identifies the neutral stimulus, the CS, and the US A)neutral stimulus-knock on the door; CS-cocaine; US-cocaine B)neutral stimulus-knock on the door; CS-knock on the door; US-pounding heart C)neutral stimulus-knock on the door; CS-knock on the door; US-cocaine D)neutral stimulus-cocaine; CS-knock on the door; US-cocaine

In classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the CS related A)They are not related; they are completely different stimuli. B)They are the same thing; the terms are interchangeable. C)The neutral stimulus becomes the CS. D)The CS becomes a neutral stimulus.

__________ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency when the CS is presented in the absence of the US. A)Extinction B)Habituation C)Adaptation D)Deconditioning

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies extinction A)Alexis is a former cocaine user.Now that she no longer uses, her hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car. B)Alexis uses cocaine.She no longer feels quite the same rush as she did when she first started using. C)Alexis is a former cocaine user in recovery.After a relapse, though, her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car. D)Alexis uses cocaine.To feel the effects of the drug, she needs a larger amount of the drug than she did in the past.

Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process, from first to last A)acquisition --> spontaneous recovery --> extinction B)extinction --> spontaneous recovery --> acquisition C)spontaneous recovery --> acquisition --> extinction D)extinction --> acquisition --> spontaneous recovery E)acquisition --> extinction --> spontaneous recovery

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies spontaneous recovery A)Alexis is a former cocaine user.Now that she no longer uses, her hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car. B)Alexis uses cocaine.She no longer feels quite the same rush as she did when she first started using. C)Alexis is a former cocaine user in recovery.After a relapse, though, her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car. D)Alexis uses cocaine.Her heart pounds and her hands shake not only when she sees her dealer's car pull into her drive, but also when she sees a similar car pull into her drive.

Which of the following terms best expresses the relationship between stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination A)They are unrelated. B)They are opposites. C)They are the same thing. D)Stimulus discrimination is a type of stimulus generalization.

Often, a conditioned response may be elicited not only by the original CS, but by a similar one as well. This is known as stimulus: A)control B)discrimination C)generalization D)diffusion

June's cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of the electric can opener, but not when a blender is used. June's cat is demonstrating stimulus: A)control B)extinction C)generalization D)discrimination

Which of the following defines unconditioned stimulus (US) A)Something that naturally creates a response B)Something that creates a response only after conditioning C)A naturally-occurring behavior D)A behavior that is acquired

Which of the following defines conditioned stimulus (CS) A)Something that naturally creates a response B)Something that creates a response only after conditioning C)A naturally-occurring behavior D)A behavior that is acquired

In classical conditioning, which of the following pairs are most similar A)CS; US B)US; UR C)CS: CR D)UR; CR

In its discussion of second-order conditioning, your text offers the example of feeling good each Friday, the day one receives one's paycheck. The paycheck is associated with the pleasures it can buy. With respect to this example, which of the following statements is true A)Friday is a US for the response of feeling good. B)The paycheck is a US for the response of feeling good. C)Feeling good on a Friday is a UR. D)Friday is a CS in its association with the check.

Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to an irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. A)panic attack B)phobia C)psychosis D)neurosis

Which of the following statements best expresses the implication of Garcia's taste conditioning work for Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning A)Garcia's work extends Pavlov's theory. B)Garcia's work supports Pavlov's theory. C)Garcia's work constrains Pavlov's theory. D)Garcia's work refutes Pavlov's theory.

Garcia's taste conditioning research underscores the contribution of _______ to classical conditioning; it is most consistent with a(n) ___________ approach to psychology. A)nurture; evolutionary B)nurture; cognitive C)nature; cognitive D)nature; evolutionary

Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq. He suffers from PTSD. Now, back home in a quiet California neighborhood, he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire. In the terminology of classical conditioning, these sounds are best thought of as ________ stimuli. A)neutral B)unconditioned C)second-order D)conditioned

Janine completed several tours of duty in Afghanistan. She suffers from PTSD. Now, back home in Texas, she is frightened by firecrackers and cars backfiring. The fact that these sounds scare her reflects a process of stimulus _________. A)extinction B)discrimination C)generalization D)association

Based on your text's discussion, how might the classical conditioning processes underlying PTSD differ from those operating in more mundane circumstances A)PTSD reflects especially strong CS-US associations. B)In PTSD, the CS-US associations are slow to extinguish. C)PTSD reflects especially extensive stimulus generalization. D)PTSD reflects a particularly high degree of stimulus discrimination. E)both A and B

In classical conditioning, the stimulus that normally triggers a naturally occurring response is termed the unconditioned stimulus.

In a Pavlovian experiment, a tone might serve as a US for the response of salivation.

The term adaptation is used to refer to the reduction in response that occurs when a CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the US.

Spontaneous recovery entails an increase in response.

An irrational fear of a specific object is termed a phobia.

Garcia's taste conditioning work suggests that nature plays little role in classical conditioning.

In Pavlov's study, the bell is both a(n) _______ stimulus and a conditioned stimulus.

A bright flash automatically causes us to blink. It is a(n) ________ stimulus.

_________ occurs when an extinguished CR reappears after a period of rest.

Adam was badly stung by a bee once. Now he is frightened not only of bees but of all flying insects. This example illustrates ____________.

Brittany is intensely and irrationally afraid of dogs. Brittany has a(n) _______.

In ___________ conditioning, an existing CS may serve as a US in a pairing with a new CS.

Operant conditioning involves forming associations between: A)neutral and unconditioned stimuli B)stimuli and behavior C)two or more behaviors D)behavior and consequences

Classical conditioning applies mainly to __________ behaviors. Operant conditioning applies primarily to __________. A)existing; new behaviors B)existing; existing behaviors as well C)voluntary; reflexive behaviors D)new; new behaviors as well

Which of the following alternatives illustrates operant conditioning A)Your mouth waters at the sight of a display of fresh chili peppers in the supermarket. B)You no longer use a vending machine in the foyer of the computer science building on campus because it has sometimes failed to deliver your soda. C)You don't know how best to organize the points you wish to make in one section of a political science term paper.The solution suddenly comes to you, though, after you work on your statistics homework for a while. D)You squirm at the sight of an addict shooting up in a television movie.

Which of the following alternatives illustrates classical conditioning A)Your mouth waters at the sight of a display of fresh chili peppers in the supermarket. B)You no longer use a vending machine in the foyer of the computer science building on campus because it has sometimes failed to deliver your soda. C)You don't know how best to organize the points you wish to make in one section of a political science term paper.The solution suddenly comes to you, though, after you work on your statistics homework for a while. D)You squirm at the sight of an addict shooting up in a television movie.

The root of operant conditioning may be traced to ________'s early studies of hungry cats learning to escape from cages. A)Skinner B)Thorndike C)Watson D)Pavlov

"Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated." This is the law of: A)consequences B)reward C)effect D)reinforcement

Thorndike's notion that successful responses are stamped in by experience may be seen as an early statement of Skinner's concept of: A)negative punishment B)positive punishment C)negative reinforcement D)positive reinforcement

Perhaps the most influential psychologist to study operant conditioning was: A)Freud B)Tolman C)Pavlov D)Skinner

The process by which a stimulus increases the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called: A)reward B)reinforcement C)conditioning D)latent learning

Which of the following scenarios is the best example of positive reinforcement A)Vanna fastens her seatbelt as soon as she gets in her car to stop the annoying alert sound. B)Drake no longer cuts class now that his parents confiscated his iPod. C)Maria now buys a different brand of cigarettes to get two packs for the price of one. D)Nate no longer arrives late at work following a reprimand from his boss.

Which of the following scenarios is the best example of negative reinforcement A)Vanna fastens her seatbelt as soon as she gets in her car to stop the annoying alert sound. B)Drake no longer cuts class now that his parents confiscated his iPod. C)Maria now buys a different brand of cigarettes to get two packs for the price of one. D)Nate no longer arrives late at work following a reprimand from his boss.

One reason Carlos continues to work at his job is the check he receives every two weeks. Carlos' paycheck is a _________ reinforcer. A)positive B)primary C)secondary D)both A and C

Negative reinforcement: A)is the same thing as punishment D)is the same thing as secondary reinforcement

Which of the following is the best example of positive punishment A)taking away a fun toy B)providing a spanking C)providing a desired treat D)taking away a desired treat

Which of the following scenarios is the best example of negative punishment A)Astrid takes away her daughter's cell phone when she misbehaves. B)Carly yells at her husband when he comes home late. C)Jim makes his students run extra laps when they are unruly in gym class. D)Kevin works as much overtime as he can for the extra pay.

Ava is wheeling her toddler, Jamie, through the supermarket after a long and tiring day. When Jamie begins to fuss, Ava scolds her sharply and Jamie's fussing subsides. Which of the following statements is most likely true A)Ava's scolding negatively reinforces Jamie's fussing. B)Ava's scolding punishes Jamie's fussing. C)That Jamie stops fussing negatively reinforces Ava's scolding. D)Both B and C.

Which of the following types of consequences is CORRECTLY matched with an example A)positive reinforcement - Harvey can't go to the senior class party B)negative reinforcement - Ella's parents confiscate her car keys for breaking curfew C)positive punishment - When Laurel takes $20 from her mom's purse, her mother yells at her D)negative punishment - Maddie receives a bonus for outstanding work performance

Which of the following types of consequences is CORRECTLY matched with an example A)positive reinforcement - Harvey is suspended when he vandalizes school property B)negative reinforcement - Jeff puts up his umbrella when it starts to sprinkle so he won't get wet C)positive punishment - Jacqueline's teacher puts a cute sticker on an arithmetic exercise completed without mistakes D)negative punishment - Tommy receives a written reprimand from his boss following a series of customer complaints

Which of the following defines positive reinforcement A)Strengthening a response by removing an unpleasant stimulus B)Strengthening a response by presenting a pleasant stimulus C)Weakening a response by removing a pleasant stimulus D)Weakening a response by presenting an unpleasant stimulus

Which of the following defines negative reinforcement A)Strengthening a response by removing an unpleasant stimulus B)Strengthening a response by presenting a pleasant stimulus C)Weakening a response by removing a pleasant stimulus D)Weakening a response by presenting an unpleasant stimulus

Which of the following defines positive punishment A)Strengthening a response by removing an unpleasant stimulus B)Strengthening a response by presenting a pleasant stimulus C)Weakening a response by removing a pleasant stimulus D)Weakening a response by presenting an unpleasant stimulus

Which of the following defines negative punishment A)Strengthening a response by removing an unpleasant stimulus B)Strengthening a response by presenting a pleasant stimulus C)Weakening a response by removing a pleasant stimulus D)Weakening a response by presenting an unpleasant stimulus

Which of the following statements is most true A)Punishment is more effective than positive reinforcement in changing behavior. B)Punishment creates longer-lasting changes in behavior than does positive reinforcement. C)Punishment may create negative, adversarial relationships. D)Punishment is rarely effective in changing behavior

You don't receive a smile or a "thank you" each time you hold a door for the person behind you, just most of the time. Door-holding is reinforced on a(n) ___________ schedule. A)continuous B)partial C)intermittent D)both B and C

On most occasions, drivers you let into your lane acknowledge the favor in some way; sometimes, though, they don't. The behavior of letting drivers in is maintained by __________ reinforcement. A)secondary B)positive C)intermittent D)A, B, and C

Vending machine is to slot machine as ____________ reinforcement is to __________ reinforcement. A)continuous; intermittent B)intermittent; continuous D)positive; negative

As compared to behaviors reinforced on continuous schedules, behaviors reinforced intermittently are _______ resistant to extinction. A)more B)slightly less C)equally D)much less

Paychecks and grades are delivered on a ________ schedule of reinforcement. A)fixed-ratio B)fixed-interval C)continuous D)variable-ratio

Sometimes when we call a customer service center, we are put on hold; we do not know how long it will be before our holding behavior is reinforced by the response of an associate, and it doesn't matter what we do in the meantime. Holding is reinforced on a _______ schedule. A)fixed-ratio B)fixed-interval C)variable-ratio D)variable-interval

Which of the following promotions exemplifies the use of a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement A)A café prints "You are a winner" on a random one-twelfth of its coffee lids; patrons receiving such a lid can redeem it for a free beverage. B)A café offers its customers a punch card.Each time a patron purchases a beverage, a hole is punched; when ten holes are punched, the patron receives a free beverage. C)A café offers each patron an early morning two-for-one free-beverage-with-purchase deal from 5 to 6 A)m.on Monday mornings. D)Now and then, a café announces a two-for-one deal.

Dr. Arceneaux wants his students to take advantage of online practice quizzes on his course site. Which of the following is the MOST effective plan to increase the number of practice quizzes completed A)1 bonus point for every 2 online practice quizzes completed B)5 points deducted from course total if no quizzes completed C)1 bonus point awarded every 2 weeks if 2 or more quizzes have been completed D)1 bonus point awarded every now and then (about 2 weeks on average) if 2 or more quizzes have been completed recently

Dr. Arceneaux wants his students to take advantage of online practice quizzes on his course site. Which of the following is the LEAST effective plan to increase the number of practice quizzes completed A)1 bonus point for every 2 online practice quizzes completed B)5 points deducted from course total if no quizzes are completed C)1 bonus point awarded every 2 weeks if 2 or more quizzes have been completed D)1 bonus point awarded every now and then (about 2 weeks on average) if 2 or more quizzes have been completed recently

Dr. Arceneaux has developed several alternative plans to increase the number of online practice quizzes his students complete. Which plan below is INCORRECTLY matched with the reinforcement schedule A)1 bonus point for every two online practice quizzes completed-fixed-ratio B)1 bonus point awarded every 2 weeks if two or more quizzes have been completed-fixed-interval C)1 bonus point awarded every 2 weeks on average if two or more quizzes have been completed recently-variable-ratio D)All of the above are correctly matched.

Imagine that you graphed the cumulative number of bar-press responses over time of four rats, each reinforced on a different one of the four schedules of intermittent reinforcement. Each rat's behavior is graphed on a separate line. The line with the greatest slope should be that displaying the behavior of the rat reinforced on the ________ schedule. A)fixed-ratio B)fixed-interval C)variable-interval D)variable-ratio

Based on your text's discussion, people play slot machines so enthusiastically because: A)pulling the lever is reinforced on a variable-interval schedule B)pulling the lever is reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule C)pulling the lever is reinforced through primary reinforcement D)pulling the lever is reinforced continuously

Pauses in responding are most pronounced following reinforcement in ________schedules. A)fixed-interval B)fixed-ratio C)variable-interval D)variable-ratio

In general, _________ schedules of reinforcement yield high response rates. The highest rates are produced by _______ schedules. A)interval; variable-interval B)interval; fixed-interval C)ratio; variable-ratio D)ratio; fixed-ratio

In general, _________ schedules of reinforcement yield high response rates. The highest rates are produced by _______ schedules. A)interval; variable-interval B)interval; fixed-interval C)ratio; variable-ratio D)ratio; fixed-ratio

Mrs. Martin, a third-grade teacher, is instructing cursive writing. At first, she reinforces even crude attempts to reproduce letters with an encouraging word; as time goes on, though, she reinforces only well-formed letters. By reinforcing progressively better attempts at writing letters, Mrs. Martin is using: A)discrimination training B)higher-order conditioning C)stimulus control training D)shaping

Reinforcers that satisfy a biological need are called ________ reinforcers. A)primary B)positive C)unconditioned D)reflexive

Loosely speaking, nature is to nurture as _________ reinforcers are to ________ reinforcers. A)positive; negative B)secondary; primary C)unconditioned; conditioned D)primary; secondary

Which of the following reinforcers is INCORRECTLY categorized A)food-primary reinforcer B)money-primary reinforcer C)relief from pain - secondary reinforcer D)Both B and C are incorrectly categorized.

Operant conditioning is based on forming associations between stimuli.

Negative reinforcement weakens behavior.

A late charge on one's utility bill exemplifies negative punishment.

Positive reinforcement is a more effective way to modify behavior than is punishment.

In the real world, behaviors are most often reinforced on continuous schedules.

Relief from pain is a primary reinforcer.

A stimulus that increases the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated is termed a(n) __________.

Punishment is a ________ effective learning mechanism than is reinforcement.

Behaviors reinforced on a continuous schedule are ________ resistant to extinction than are those reinforced intermittently.

One characteristic of __________ schedules of reinforcement is that there is little responding immediately following the delivery of reinforcement.

Shaping is one way that organisms learn relatively _________ behavior.

The most distinctive characteristic of insight learning is that it: A)develops slowly B)appears suddenly C)generalizes widely D)involves strong associations

The German psychologist Köhler demonstrated ________ learning among ________. A)insight; chimpanzees B)insight; cats C)insight; humans D)trial-and-error; chimpanzees

Learning that occurs internally and is expressed behaviorally only when there is sufficient motivation to do so is called _________ learning. A)latent B)covert C)subliminal D)manifest

What was the important finding of Tolman's latent learning experiments in which rats learned to run a maze A)Rats that were never reinforced never learned to run the maze. B)Rats that were never reinforced still learned to run the maze. C)Rats that began to receive reinforcement halfway through the experiment rapidly matched the performance of rats that had been reinforced from the beginning of the experiment. D)Rats that began to receive reinforcement halfway through the experiment never learned to run the maze.

You have a kind of picture in your head of your hometown, a mental representation of its layout and the location of key landmarks, like rivers, buildings, freeways, and parks. This representation is called a(n): A)internal navigator B)mental GPS C)mental model D)cognitive map

Why might Tolman's latent learning results pose a problem for strict, Skinnerian views of learning A)The results suggest that direct reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur. B)The results suggest that internal processes may be necessary to fully explain learning. C)The results suggest that insight is an important part of learning. D)both A and B

Bandura's "Bobo doll" experiments were intended to demonstrate: A)shaping B)observational learning C)latent learning D)insight

Kayla is helping her professor conduct an observational learning study in which the model is either similar or dissimilar to the participant. In this study, the similarity of the model to the participant is a(n) _________ variable. A)independent B)dependent C)experimental D)control

Bandura (1977) wrote that, "the prospects for survival would be slim indeed if one could learn only by suffering the consequences of trial and error." To what extent is this statement consistent with the views of earlier operant conditioning theorists such as Thorndike and Skinner Which perspective in today's psychology does Bandura seem to anticipate with this statement A)This statement differs from the views of Thorndike and Skinner.Bandura's statement seems to anticipate the social/cultural approach in psychology. B)This statement reflects the views of Thorndike and Skinner.Bandura's statement seems to anticipate the social/cultural approach in psychology. C)This statement reflects the views of Thorndike and Skinner.Bandura's statement seems to anticipate the evolutionary approach in psychology. D)This statement differs from the views of Thorndike and Skinner.Bandura's statement seems to anticipate the evolutionary approach in psychology.

Which cognitive learning theorist is CORRECTLY matched with the concept with which he is associated A)Bandura - latent learning B)Tolman - insight C)Köhler - observational learning D)Skinner - operant conditioning

Which cognitive learning theorist is CORRECTLY matched with the concept with which he is associated A)Bandura - observational learning B)Tolman - insight learning C)Skinner - classical conditioning D)Thorndike - insight learning

According to your text, the average child in the U. S. has viewed ________ of murders on network TV by the time he or she graduates from elementary school. A)dozens B)hundreds C)thousands D)tens of thousands

Bandura's research on modeling aggressive behavior using Bobo dolls showed which of the following A)modeling could decrease aggressive behavior in some conditions B)boys modeled more than girls C)modeling could teach children new behaviors D)modeling had little influence on behavior

Which of the following best defines latent learning A)Learning by observing the behavior of others B)Learning as a result of unconscious reinforcement C)Learning not demonstrated until there is a motivation to do so D)Learning as a result of unconscious conditioning

When Anderson and Bushman had research participants play either a violent or a non-violent video game, they found that participants who had played the violent game A)expressed more aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, B)expressed more aggressive behaviors, but not more aggressive thoughts and feelings. C)were also more altruistic. D)also had higher self esteem

Which of the following is the correlation coefficient a researcher would most likely obtain between scores on a measure of exposure to media violence and scores on a measure of aggressive behavior A).00 B).30 C).80 D)1.00

B. F. Skinner and John Watson believed that conditioning processes could account for all learning.

Köhler examined trial-and-error learning among cats.

Tolman's work suggests that learning may occur even when behavior is not directly reinforced.

The relation between viewing television violence and behaving aggressively is weak.

"Eureka! I've got it!" The sudden awareness of a problem's solution is termed ________ learning.

Tolman is to _________ as latent learning is to observational learning.

In observational learning, the organism whose behavior is observed is termed the ________.

Your text states that, " . . . the [principles of learning] account for more behavior using fewer principles than any other set of psychological theories." Recall the discussion of the features of a good theory in Chapter 2 of your text. Your text might suggest that learning theory: A)inspires research B)is parsimonious C)is proven D)is falsifiable

Operant conditioning has been applied to: A)motivate employees B)help parents toilet train children C)improve functioning among the developmentally disabled D)A, B, and C

In an advertisement that uses classical conditioning to persuade, the product or service being promoted is usually a(n): A)unconditioned stimulus B)conditioned stimulus C)positive reinforcer D)negative reinforcer

You laugh out loud during a new automobile insurance commercial. Your laughter in response to the advertisement is a(n) __________; the insurance being advertised is a(n) ________. A)UR; US B)UR; CS C)CR; US D)CR; CR

According to your text, advertisers use enjoyable music, cute babies, attractive models, and funny spokespeople to create positive advertisements. The music, babies, and so on are best thought of as: A)unconditioned stimuli B)conditioned stimuli C)positive reinforcers D)primary reinforcers

In one study described in your text, Gorn (1982) showed participants pictures of pens of different colors. Some pen colors were paired with pleasant music; others were paired with unpleasant music. As a free gift, participants were more likely to choose the pen colors associated with pleasant music than the pen colors associated with unpleasant music. Which of the following alternatives correctly identifies the CS and the CR, respectively, in this study A)pen color; liking for pen B)pen color; liking for music C)type of music; liking for music D)type of music; pen color

Schemer et al. (2008) found that people were more interested in products embedded in music videos by artists they liked than in products embedded in videos by artists they disliked. Which alternative correctly names and identifies the variables in this research A)predictor variable - product interest; outcome variable liked or disliked artists B)experimental variable - liked or disliked artists; control variable - product interest C)experimental variable - product interest; control variable - liked or disliked artists D)independent variable - liked or disliked artists; dependent variable - product interest

The differences between competing varieties of toothpaste are small and consumers spend little time weighing the available toothpaste options. By contrast, there are sizeable differences between computer operating systems, and people consider the alternatives carefully. Based on this information, which of the following statements is probably the most reasonable with respect to the effectiveness of classical conditioning principles in advertising toothpaste on the one hand, and computer operating systems on the other A)Classical conditioning principles would be highly effective in advertising both types of products. B)Classical conditioning principles would be not be effective in advertising either type of product. C)Classical conditioning principles would be more effective in advertising computer operating systems than in advertising toothpaste. D)Classical conditioning principles would be more effective in advertising toothpaste than in advertising computer operating systems.

The use of classical conditioning principles in advertising is most likely to be effective when: A)we know a great deal about the product already B)when there are big price differences between competing products C)when we give little thought to the choices D)when we do not pay attention to the ad

Recall Watson's famous "Give me a dozen healthy infants . . ." passage, quoted in your text. The passage expresses Watson's belief on the importance of _____. A)nature B)classical conditioning C)nurture D)conscious processes

Skinner promoted the use of an educational system involving self-teaching and carefully sequenced materials. The system is known as _______ instruction. A)reinforced B)computer-aided C)conditioned D)programmed

Programmed instruction is based on the principles of ________ conditioning. It was promoted by _________. A)classical; Skinner B)classical; Watson C)operant; Watson D)operant; Skinner

Your text reports an experiment by Lepper et al. (1973) on the effects of reward. In the study, children were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: an expected reward condition, an unexpected reward condition, or a no reward condition. The children in the _____ condition were more likely to lose their initial interest in the task. A)expected reward B)unexpected reward C)no reward D)A and C.

Which of the following is the important finding in the research by Lepper et al. (1973) on the effects of reward A)Reward can motivate students to do better B)Monetary reward is not effective C)Reward can undermine initial interest in a behavior D)The effects of reward only last a short period of time

Concerning its effects on liking for a task, the use of reward: A)has variable, unpredictable effects on the intrinsic enjoyment of the task B)slightly increases the intrinsic enjoyment of the task C)may reduce the intrinsic enjoyment of the task D)greatly increases the intrinsic enjoyment of the task

Your text reports a meta-analysis by Gershoff (2002) examining the effects of the use of punishment on children's behavior. The use of punishment was positively related to _________ and negatively related to ___________. A)compliance with parental demands; both mental health and the ability to control aggression B)aggression; both mental health and the ability to control aggression C)both compliance with parental demands and aggression; the ability to control aggression D)both compliance with parental demands and aggression; both mental health and the ability to control aggression

Which of the following expressions best captures the meaning of the term outcomes A)(positive reinforcers + positive punishers) - (negative punishers + negative reinforcers) B)(positive reinforcers - negative reinforcers) C)(positive reinforcers + negative punishers) - (positive punishers + negative reinforcers) D)(positive reinforcers + negative reinforcers) - (positive punishers + negative punishers)

In a social dilemma _____ outcomes for one person lead to _____ outcomes for the group. A)increased; increased B)increased; decreased C)decreased; increased D)decreased; decreased

Two prisoners are being separately interrogated by the police. The prisoners must decide whether or not to confess to a crime. In this prisoner's dilemma the choice with the highest outcome for the prisoners is to A)confess B)not confess C)confess, but only if the other prisoner does not confess D)confess, but only if the other prisoner also confesses

Two prisoners are being separately interrogated by the police. The prisoners must decide whether or not to confess to a crime. In the prisoner's dilemma the choice to confess is the _____ choice. A)cooperative B)competitive C)positively reinforcing D)negatively reinforcing

In the prisoner's dilemma game, a __________ is used to express the potential outcomes for each of the players in the game, given the decisions each player makes. A)decision matrix B)cost-benefit table C)reinforcement grid D)payoff matrix

Many people want to have cheap gasoline and drive their cars as much as they want. But this behavior reduces the overall supply of gasoline and makes prices go up for everyone. This situation represents which of the following A)A decision matrix B)A social dilemma C)A reinforcement tradeoff D)A conditioning paradox

In the terminology of classical conditioning, a consumer's positive response to a product is usually an unconditioned response.

The use of fear in advertisements is largely ineffective.

Somewhat paradoxically, the use of reward can decrease students' interest in a task or assignment.

Reinforcement and punishment are equally effective in changing behavior.

The principles of operant conditioning can shed light on social dilemmas.

Classical conditioning is an effective marketing tool. In a successful advertisement, the product being marketed is a(n) ___________ stimulus.

A particular automobile is prominently advertised during a popular television talent competition. In the language of classical conditioning, viewers' liking for the car reflects a(n) _________ response.

____________ is self-teaching tool based on the principles of operant conditioning.

The term ________ is sometimes used to refer to the difference between the expected rewards and the expected punishments subsequent to a particular decision.

Sometimes, when each individual acts in his or her own self-interest, the group as a whole ultimately suffers negative consequences: Such a situation is termed a(n) ___________.