Question 1

Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process, from first to last
A)acquisition --> spontaneous recovery --> extinction
B)extinction --> spontaneous recovery --> acquisition
C)spontaneous recovery --> acquisition --> extinction
D)extinction --> acquisition --> spontaneous recovery
E)acquisition --> extinction --> spontaneous recovery

Accepted Answer

The correct sequence for the phases of classical conditioning is: acquisition (where the conditioned response is first learned), extinction (where the conditioned response diminishes or disappears), and spontaneous recovery (where the conditioned response re-emerges after a period of rest).

Question 2

Pavlov's dogs learned to associate the appearance of a lab assistant with the sight of food. This suggests that classical conditioning involves an association between:
A)a stimulus and either another stimulus or a response
B)a stimulus and a response
C)two responses
D)two stimuli

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves the association between two stimuli, in this case, the appearance of a lab assistant (conditioned stimulus) and the sight of food (unconditioned stimulus).

Question 3

How are conditioning, insight, and modeling related, if they are at all
A)Conditioning, insight, and modeling are all types of learning.
B)Conditioning, insight, and modeling are all similar to learning.
C)Conditioning, insight, and modeling are all the same type of learning.
D)The three processes are unrelated.

Accepted Answer

Conditioning, insight, and modeling are indeed all types of learning, each representing different mechanisms through which learning occurs. Conditioning involves learning through association, insight involves a sudden realization of a problem's solution, and modeling involves learning through observing and imitating others.

Question 4

In Pavlov's study, the US was _______; the neutral stimulus was _________; and, finally, the CS was _________.
A)meat; the bell; meat
B)the bell; the bell; meat
C)the bell; meat; meat
D)meat; the bell; the bell

Accepted Answer

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, the unconditioned stimulus (US) was meat, which naturally elicited salivation in dogs. The neutral stimulus, which initially did not elicit salivation, was the bell. Through conditioning, the bell became the conditioned stimulus (CS), which then elicited salivation even without the presence of meat.

Question 5

Stimulus is to response as _________ is to __________.
A)mind; body
B)conditioning; learning
C)environment; behavior
D)behavior; environment

Accepted Answer

Stimulus refers to any event or situation that evokes a response. Similarly, the environment includes various stimuli that lead to behavior, making "environment" to "behavior" the correct analogy.

Question 6

In classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the CS related
A)They are not related; they are completely different stimuli.
B)They are the same thing; the terms are interchangeable.
C)The neutral stimulus becomes the CS.
D)The CS becomes a neutral stimulus.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the UCS and eventually elicits the same response as the UCS. The neutral stimulus then becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS).

Question 7

_________ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that would elicit the same response naturally.
A)Classical conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)Observational learning
D)Instrumental conditioning

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is the type of learning that involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. The neutral stimulus eventually becomes a conditioned stimulus that can elicit the same response as the unconditioned stimulus. The other options, such as operant conditioning, observational learning, and instrumental conditioning, do not involve the pairing of a neutral and conditioned stimulus in this way.

Question 8

Tim loves dill pickles. Now, the sight of a jar on the supermarket shelf makes his mouth water. In the terminology of classical conditioning, the sight of the jar is a(n) _________.
A)CS
B)US
C)neutral stimulus
D)CR

Accepted Answer

The sight of the jar has become a conditioned stimulus (CS) because it now elicits a response (salivation) due to its association with eating dill pickles, which naturally causes salivation.

Question 9

The study of learning is closely associated with the __________ approach in psychology.
A)psychodynamic
B)Gestalt
C)cognitive
D)behaviorist

Accepted Answer

The behaviorist approach in psychology is closely associated with the study of learning, focusing on observable behaviors and the ways they are learned through interaction with the environment.

Question 10

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies extinction
A)Alexis is a former cocaine user.Now that she no longer uses, her hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car.
B)Alexis uses cocaine.She no longer feels quite the same rush as she did when she first started using.
C)Alexis is a former cocaine user in recovery.After a relapse, though, her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car.
D)Alexis uses cocaine.To feel the effects of the drug, she needs a larger amount of the drug than she did in the past.

Accepted Answer

Extinction in psychological terms refers to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response. In scenario A, Alexis's conditioned responses (hand shaking and heart pounding) to the stimulus (hearing a car pull into her drive, which used to be associated with her dealer) have disappeared because the stimulus no longer predicts the drug delivery. This is a classic example of extinction, where the conditioned response diminishes over time after the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 11

According to your text, the behaviorists viewed the study of learning as a more scientific alternative to the use of introspection. In this instance, the behaviorists were reacting to the work of the _________ psychologists.
A)structuralist
B)functionalist
C)psychodynamic
D)Gestalt

Accepted Answer

Behaviorists viewed their approach as a reaction against the structuralist psychologists, who emphasized the use of introspection to explore the structure of the conscious mind.

Question 12

__________ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency when the CS is presented in the absence of the US.
A)Extinction
B)Habituation
C)Adaptation
D)Deconditioning

Accepted Answer

Extinction occurs when a previously conditioned response (CR) decreases in frequency when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (US). This process of unlearning the association between the CS and the US is a key component of classical conditioning.

Question 13

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies spontaneous recovery
A)Alexis is a former cocaine user.Now that she no longer uses, her hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car.
B)Alexis uses cocaine.She no longer feels quite the same rush as she did when she first started using.
C)Alexis is a former cocaine user in recovery.After a relapse, though, her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car.
D)Alexis uses cocaine.Her heart pounds and her hands shake not only when she sees her dealer's car pull into her drive, but also when she sees a similar car pull into her drive.

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery refers to the sudden reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of no exposure to the conditioned stimulus. In option C, Alexis's reaction to the sound of a car pulling into her drive, a conditioned response that had previously disappeared during her recovery, suddenly reappears after a relapse, exemplifying spontaneous recovery.

Question 14

Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior resulting from experience.
A)maturation
B)development
C)learning
D)perception

Accepted Answer

Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior due to experience.

Question 15

Alexis uses cocaine, which activates her sympathetic nervous system. Expecting her dealer, her hands shake and her heart pounds. Which alternative below correctly identifies the neutral stimulus, the CS, and the US
A)neutral stimulus-knock on the door; CS-cocaine; US-cocaine
B)neutral stimulus-knock on the door; CS-knock on the door; US-pounding heart
C)neutral stimulus-knock on the door; CS-knock on the door; US-cocaine
D)neutral stimulus-cocaine; CS-knock on the door; US-cocaine

Accepted Answer

The neutral stimulus is the knock on the door, as it does not initially cause the physiological response. The CS is also the knock on the door, as that is the stimulus that becomes associated with the physiological response after repeated pairings. The US is the cocaine, as that is the substance that directly triggers the sympathetic nervous system. Therefore, option C correctly identifies the neutral stimulus, CS, and US.

Question 16

Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between learning on the one hand, and conditioning on the other
A)Conditioning and learning are the same thing.
B)Conditioning is part of learning.
C)Learning is part of conditioning.
D)Learning and conditioning are unrelated.

Accepted Answer

Conditioning is a specific type of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses. It is considered a subset of the broader category of learning processes, which can also include other methods such as observational learning, cognitive learning, and motor skill acquisition.

Question 17

Broadly speaking, nature is to nurture as the _______ is to the ________.
A)CS; US
B)CR; UR
C)neutral stimulus; CS
D)UR; CR

Accepted Answer

Nature is to nurture as the unconditioned stimulus (US) is to the conditioned stimulus (CS). The US is a naturally occurring stimulus that triggers an unconditioned response (UR), while the CS is a neutral stimulus that, after being paired with the US, eventually triggers a conditioned response (CR).

Question 18

Which of the following terms best expresses the relationship between stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination
A)They are unrelated.
B)They are opposites.
C)They are the same thing.
D)Stimulus discrimination is a type of stimulus generalization.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination are opposite phenomena in classical conditioning. Stimulus generalization occurs when an organism responds to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus, while stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism learns to differentiate between similar stimuli and only responds to the original conditioned stimulus. Therefore, they are not the same thing, unrelated, nor is stimulus discrimination a type of stimulus generalization.

Question 19

___________ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.
A)Thorndike
B)Skinner
C)Pavlov
D)Watson

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist, conducted experiments with dogs that led to the discovery of classical conditioning. He discovered that dogs can be conditioned to associate a neutral stimulus (such as a bell ringing) with the presentation of food, leading to the dogs salivating in response to the bell alone. This laid the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.

Question 20

The ability to associate stimuli with responses is termed __________.
A)conditioning
B)learning
C)perception
D)cognition

Accepted Answer

Conditioning is the process of learning associations between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses.

Quiz 7: Learning

Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process, from first to last

Pavlov's dogs learned to associate the appearance of a lab assistant with the sight of food. This suggests that classical conditioning involves an association between:

How are conditioning, insight, and modeling related, if they are at all

In Pavlov's study, the US was ___; the neutral stimulus was _; and, finally, the CS was _____.

Stimulus is to response as _ is to __.

In classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the CS related

_________ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that would elicit the same response naturally.

Tim loves dill pickles. Now, the sight of a jar on the supermarket shelf makes his mouth water. In the terminology of classical conditioning, the sight of the jar is a(n) _________.

The study of learning is closely associated with the __________ approach in psychology.

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies extinction

According to your text, the behaviorists viewed the study of learning as a more scientific alternative to the use of introspection. In this instance, the behaviorists were reacting to the work of the _________ psychologists.

__________ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency when the CS is presented in the absence of the US.

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies spontaneous recovery

Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior resulting from experience.

Alexis uses cocaine, which activates her sympathetic nervous system. Expecting her dealer, her hands shake and her heart pounds. Which alternative below correctly identifies the neutral stimulus, the CS, and the US

Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between learning on the one hand, and conditioning on the other

Broadly speaking, nature is to nurture as the _ is to the __.

Which of the following terms best expresses the relationship between stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination

___________ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.

The ability to associate stimuli with responses is termed __________.