Quiz 6: Economic Growth

The best definition for economic growth is A) a sustained expansion of production possibilities measured as the increase in real GDP over a given period. B) a sustained expansion of production possibilities measured as the increase in nominal GDP over a given period. C) a sustained expansion of consumption goods over a given period. D) a sustained expansion of production goods over a given period.

Economic growth is measured by A) changes in real GDP. B) changes in nominal GDP. C) changes in the employment rate. D) All of the above are used to measure economic growth.

We are interested in long-term growth primarily because it brings A) higher price levels. B) lower price levels. C) higher standards of living. D) trade wars with our trading partners.

If a nation's population grows, then A) growth in real GDP per person will be less than the growth of real GDP. B) there can be no economic growth. C) growth in real GDP per person will be greater than the growth of real GDP. D) there must be an increase in real GDP per person.

In 2011, Armenia had a real GDP of $4.21 billion and a population of 2.98 million. In 2012, real GDP was $4.59 billion and population was 2.97 million. What was Armenia's economic growth rate from 2011 to 2012? A) 0.38 percent B) 9.0 percent C) 3.8 percent D) 8.3 percent

In 2016, Armenia had a real GDP of approximately $4.21 billion and a population of 2.98 million. In 2017, real GDP was $4.59 billion and population was 2.97 million. From 2016 to 2017, Armenia's standard of living A) increased. B) decreased. C) did not change. D) might have increased, decreased, or remained unchanged but more information is needed to determine which.

In 2016, Armenia had a real GDP of approximately $4.21 billion and a population of 2.98 million. In 2017, real GDP was $4.59 billion and population was 2.97 million. Armenia's real GDP per person in 2017 was A) $1,545. B) $380. C) $1,413. D) $132.

During 2017, the country of Economia had a real GDP of $115 billion and the population was 0.9 billion. In 2016, real GDP was 105 billion and the population was 0.85 billion. In 2017, real GDP per person was A) $128. B) $124. C) $135. D) $117.

During 2017, the country of Economia had a real GDP of $115 billion and the population was 0.9 billion. In 2016, real GDP was 105 billion and the population was 0.85 billion. In 2016, real GDP per person was A) $128. B) $124. C) $135. D) $117.

Suppose real GDP for a country is $13 trillion in 2015, $14 trillion in 2016, $15 trillion in 2017, and $16 trillion in 2018. Over this time period, the real GDP growth rate is A) increasing. B) decreasing. C) constant. D) negative.

Suppose that in 2015 a country has a population of 1 million and real GDP of $1 billion. In 2016, the population is 1.1 million and the real GDP is $1.1 billion. The real GDP per person growth rate is A) $1,000. B) positive. C) negative. D) zero.

During 2017, the country of Economia had a real GDP of $115 billion and the population was 0.9 billion. In 2016, real GDP was 105 billion and the population was 0.85 billion. Economia's growth rate of real GDP per person is A) 3.23 percent. B) 5 percent. C) 5.88 percent. D) 9.52 percent.

Suppose a nation's population grows by 2 percent and, at the same time, its GDP grows by 5 percent. Approximately how fast will real GDP per person increase? A) 3 percent per year B) 2 percent per year C) 5 percent per year D) 10 percent per year

Which of the following is used to calculate the standard of living? A) real GDP/population B) ((real GDP in the current year - real GDP in previous year)/real GDP in previous year) × 100 C) the one-third rule D) real GDP/aggregate hours

According to the Economic Times (09/2012), Standard & Poor's forecast for India's GDP growth rate was cut by 1 percentage point to 5.5 percent as the entire Asia Pacific region feels the pressure of ongoing economic uncertainty. India has averaged 7 percent growth in GDP since 1997. Which of the following is TRUE? A) India's PPF has been shifting rightward since 1997. B) India's PPF has been shifting leftward since 1997. C) India has been moving from a point within its PPF to points beyond its PPF. D) India's PPF has not shifted since 1997.

According to the Economic Times (09/2012), Standard & Poor's forecast for India's GDP growth rate was cut by 1 percentage point to 5.5 percent as the entire Asia Pacific region feels the pressure of ongoing economic uncertainty. India has averaged 7 percent growth in GDP since 1997. Based on this story, it is most likely that the slowdown reflects a A) temporary business cycle slowdown. B) temporary business cycle expansion. C) change to India's long-term economic growth rate. D) shrinkage of India's economy.

The Rule of 70 is used to A) estimate how much of an economy's growth rate is due to increases in capital per hour of labor. B) calculate the standard of living. C) calculate the economy's growth rate. D) estimate how long it will take the level of any variable to double.

Using the Rule of 70, if China's current growth rate of real GDP per person was 7 percent a year, how long would it take the country's real GDP per person to double? A) 35 years B) 14 years C) 10 years D) 49 years

Using the Rule of 70, if the country of Huttodom's current growth rate of real GDP per person was 10 percent a year, how long would it take the country's real GDP per person to double? A) 0.7 years B) 20 years C) 7 years D) 10 years

Slowdonia's current growth rate of real GDP per person is 2 percent a year. How long will it take to double real GDP per person? A) half a year B) approximately 10 years C) 28.6 years D) 35 years

Slowdonia's current growth rate of real GDP per person is 1 percent a year. Approximately how long will it take to double real GDP per person? A) 10 years B) 35 years C) 70 years D) 100 years

If real GDP per person is growing at 4 percent per year, approximately how many years will it take to double? A) 17.5 B) 25 C) 4 D) 8

Suppose a country is producing $20 million of real GDP. If the economy grows at 10 percent per year, approximately how many years will to take for real GDP to grow to $80 million? A) 14 B) 7 C) 4 D) 30

Real GDP per person in the country of Flip is $10,000, and the growth rate is 10 percent a year. Real GDP per person in the country of Flap is $20,000 and the growth rate is 5 percent a year. When will real GDP per person be greater in Flip than in Flap? A) in 2 years B) in 15 years C) never D) in 10 years

According to the Economic Times (09/2012), Standard & Poor's forecast for India's GDP growth rate was cut by 1 percentage point to 5.5 percent as the entire Asia Pacific region feels the pressure of ongoing economic uncertainty. India has averaged 7 percent growth in GDP since 1997. Which of the following is TRUE? A) India's PPF has been shifting rightward since 1997. B) India's PPF has been shifting leftward since 1997. C) India has been moving from a point within its PPF to points beyond its PPF. D) India's PPF has not shifted since 1997.

According to the Economic Times (09/2012), Standard & Poor's forecast for India's GDP growth rate was cut by 1 percentage point to 5.5 percent as the entire Asia Pacific region feels the pressure of ongoing economic uncertainty. India has averaged 7 percent growth in GDP since 1997. Based on this story, it is most likely that the slowdown reflects a A) temporary business cycle slowdown. B) temporary business cycle expansion. C) change to India's long-term economic growth rate. D) shrinkage of India's economy.

Over the last 100 years, the average U.S. growth rate in real GDP per person was about A) 2 percent per year. B) 6 percent per year. C) 12.5 percent per year. D) 1 percent per year.

Over the past 100 years, real GDP per person in the United States has grown at an average of ________ percent a year. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

The growth rate of real GDP per person in the United States has A) averaged approximately 2 percent per year over the past century. B) has consistently been 2 percent per decade over the past century. C) has been the highest in the world over the past 5 decades. D) has increased every year over the past century.

Over the past 100 years real GDP per person in the United States, on average, has A) decreased by about 5 percent per year. B) increased by about 2 percent per year. C) increased by about 5 percent per year. D) increased by about 10 percent per year.

Over the past 100 years, in the United States the average growth rate of ________ grew at a faster rate than ________. A) real GDP; nominal GDP B) the population; real GDP C) real GDP; the population D) inflation; real GDP

Over the past four decades A) the growth rate of real GDP per person in the United States has been increasing. B) U.S. real GDP per person has fallen below that of the other rich industrial countries. C) U.S. real GDP per person has increased. D) Both answers A and C are correct.

The historical record for the United States for the past 100 years shows A) growth in real GDP per person during most years. B) economic growth for about half the years and economic decline for the other half. C) growth until 1970 and then a period of constant per person real GDP. D) continuous economic growth, although at different rates, throughout the entire century.

Which of following was a period of below-average economic growth in the United States? A) the 1920s B) the 1960s C) the 1930s D) all of the above

Which of the following statements are CORRECT? I) The average economic growth rate in real GDP per person in the United States over the last century was 5 percent per year. II) The United States has the highest economic growth rate of any nation. A) I only B) II only C) both I and II D) neither I nor II

The historical record for the United States over the last 100 years shows A) mostly positive economic growth, though the Great Depression caused actual GDP to dip well below potential GDP. B) economic growth for about half the years and economic decline for the other half. C) growth until 1970 and then a period of constant per person real GDP. D) continuous economic growth for each year, although at different rates, throughout the entire century.

Which of the following statements regarding U.S. economic growth is NOT correct? A) Over the past 100 years, on the average real GDP per person grew 2 percent a year. B) The average annual growth rate of real GDP per person in the United States was rapid during World War II. C) In the 1930s, real GDP fell well below its trend. D) The growth rate of real GDP per person accelerated between 1973 to 1984.

In 2016, of the following which nations had the highest level of real GDP per person? A) Japan B) Europe Big 4 C) Canada D) China

In 2016, of the following ________ had the highest real GDP per person. A) Japan B) Canada C) the Europe Big 4 countries D) the United States

Since 1980, which of the following had the lowest level of real GDP per person? A) Nigeria B) Mexico C) United States D) Russia

During the 1990s, which of the following experienced the slowest rate of growth in real GDP per person? A) Japan B) The big 4 nations of Europe C) United States D) Canada

A country in which real GDP per person has grown more slowly than the United States since 1980 would be A) Hong Kong. B) Mexico. C) Taiwan. D) Singapore.

Since 1980, A) Japan has experienced faster growth than the United States in every decade. B) growth rates in Mexico have exceeded those in the United States. C) real GDP per person in Hong Kong and Singapore have grown and are approaching or surpassing that in the United States. D) real GDP per person in China has grown rapidly and is now about 50 percent of that in the United States.

Since 1980, which of the following countries had average growth rates in real GDP per person higher than that of the United States? A) Singapore B) Hong Kong C) South Korea D) All of the above answers are correct.

Of the following Asian countries, which has the lowest level of real GDP per person? A) China B) Korea C) Singapore D) Hong Kong

The gap between real GDP per person in Mexico and real GDP per person in the United States has been A) increasing. B) decreasing. C) remaining fairly constant. D) there is no gap in real GDP per person between Mexico and the United States.

Since 1980, there has been substantial closure of the gap in real GDP per person between which of the following groups of countries? A) the United States and Canada B) the United States and Europe's Big Four C) the United States and Japan D) the United States and China

Between which pair of countries or continents listed below has real GDP per person converged the most since 1980? A) the United States and Hong Kong B) the United States and Canada C) the United States and Japan D) the United States and Europe's Big Four

If a rich country grows at a faster rate than a poor one, then A) the gap in their standard of living will widen over time. B) the gap in their standard of living will close over time. C) the difference in their living standards will not change over time. D) whether or not the living standards gap widens or closes over time depends on the absolute size of the relative growth rates.

Convergence of the income gap has been most dramatic between A) Taiwan and the United States. B) Mexico and the United States. C) Canada and the United States. D) Europe's Big Four and the United States.

The gaps between the United States and the Asian countries of Honk Kong, Singapore, Korea and China have been A) decreasing. B) increasing. C) remaining fairly constant. D) There are no gaps between these Asian countries and the United States.

By measuring ________ we can see that the economies of Hong Kong and Singapore are catching up to the United States but that the economies of Canada and Mexico are not. A) inflation per person B) real GDP per person C) the population D) real GDP

Moving along the aggregate production function shows the relationship between ________, holding all else constant. A) capital input and real GDP B) labor input and real GDP C) labor input, capital input and real GDP D) technology and real GDP

The aggregate production function shows how ________ varies with ________. A) leisure time; labor B) labor; leisure time C) real GDP; labor D) labor; capital

An aggregate production function shows the relationship between A) real GDP and leisure. B) real GDP and the quantity of labor employed. C) leisure and unemployment. D) real GDP and unemployment.

The aggregate production function describes the relationship between A) real GDP and the quantity of labor employed. B) real GDP and the price level. C) the rate of growth of real GDP and inflation. D) real GDP and the unemployment rate.

A movement along the aggregate production function is the result of a change in A) the quantity of labor. B) technology. C) capital. D) interest rates.

Along the aggregate production function, as the quantity of labor rises, real GDP A) rises. B) falls. C) stays the same. D) may fall, rise, or stay the same.

The aggregate production function shows that an economy increases its real GDP in the short run by A) developing new technologies. B) increasing its physical capital stock. C) using more labor. D) exploring for new deposits of natural resources.

Moving along the aggregate production function, all of the following are held constant EXCEPT A) labor. B) capital. C) human capital. D) technology.

An increase in labor hours will lead to A) a shift of the aggregate production function but no movement along it. B) a movement along the aggregate production function but no shift in it. C) both a movement along and a shift in the aggregate production function. D) neither a movement along nor a shift in the aggregate production function.

The aggregate production function is graphed as A) a downward sloping curve. B) an upward sloping straight line. C) an upward sloping line that becomes flatter as the quantity of labor increases. D) an upward sloping line that becomes steeper as the quantity of labor increases.

The aggregate production function A) measures the productivity of labor as leisure decreases. B) increases only with increases in productivity. C) shows that real GDP can increase because of increased productivity as well as increased labor hours. D) cannot show the impacts of productivity improvements.

The aggregate production function relating real GDP to labor hours A) has a constant slope. B) has a negative slope. C) has a positive slope and becomes steeper as employment increases. D) has a positive slope and becomes less steep as employment increases.

The curvature of the production function shows that as employment increases, the productivity of labor A) remains positive and increases. B) remains positive but decreases. C) decreases and becomes negative. D) remains constant.

The decreasing slope of a production function reflects A) diminishing returns. B) rising unemployment. C) decreasing costs. D) increasing aggregate demand.

As labor increases, there is a A) shift of the aggregate production function, but no movement along it. B) movement along the aggregate production function, but no shift in it. C) movement along the aggregate production function and real GDP will increase less with each additional increase in labor. D) movement along the aggregate production function and real GDP will decrease less with each additional increase in labor.

According to the law of diminishing returns, an additional unit of A) capital produces more output than an additional unit of labor. B) labor decreases output. C) labor produces more output than the previous unit. D) labor produces less output than the previous unit.

-In the illustration above, which figure shows an aggregate production function? A) Figure A B) Figure B C) Figure C D) Figure D

-The country of Kemper is on its aggregate production function at point W in the above figure. The government of Kemper passes a law that makes 4 years of college mandatory for all citizens. After all citizens have their education, the economy will A) move to point such as Y. B) remain at point W. C) move to point such as X. D) move to point such as Z.

-The country of Kemper is on its aggregate production function at point W in the above figure. If the population increases with no change in capital or technology, the economy will A) move to point such as Y. B) remain at point W. C) move to point such as X. D) move to point such as Z.

The real wage rate measures the A) quantity of goods and services that an hour of work will buy. B) average weekly earnings in dollars of a worker. C) dollar value of an hour of work. D) dollar value of what a worker could earn in another job.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the real wage rate? The real wage rate I) is always greater than the money wage. II) measures the quantity of goods and services an hour's work can buy. A) only I B) only II C) both I and II D) neither I nor II

The real wage rate equals A) (money wage rate)/(price level). B) (price level)/(money wage rate). C) (money wage rate) × (price level). D) (money wage) + (number of hours worked)/(price level).

The relationship between the labor employed by a firm and the real wage rate is shown by the A) supply of labor curve. B) supply of jobs curve. C) demand for jobs curve. D) demand for labor curve.

The quantity of labor demanded depends on the A) money wage rate not the real wage rate. B) real wage rate not the money wage rate. C) price of output not the money wage rate nor the real wage rate. D) money wage rate AND the real wage rate.

Because the productivity of labor decreases as the quantity of labor employed increases A) the quantity of labor a firm demands increases as the real wage rate decreases. B) the quantity of labor a firm demands increases as the money wage rate decreases. C) the labor demand curve shifts right as the real wage rate decreases. D) the aggregate production function shifts upward as the real wage rate decreases.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the labor market? I) The labor supply curve slopes upward because firms maximize profits as they hire more workers. II) If the real wage rate falls, the quantity of labor firms demand increases. III) The demand for labor curve slopes downward because as the real wage rate falls, workers demand to work fewer hours. A) I and II B) I and III C) II only D) I, II and III

Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding the demand for labor? I) The quantity of labor demanded depends on the real wage rate. II) If the money wage rate increases and the price level remains the same, the quantity of labor demanded decreases. A) I only B) II only C) I and II D) neither I nor II

If the price level falls by 5 percent and workers' money wage rates remain constant, firms' A) quantity of labor demanded will decrease. B) quantity of labor demanded will increase. C) supply of jobs will increase. D) None of the above answers are correct.

If the price level rises by 5 percent and workers' money wage rates remain constant, firms' A) quantity of labor demanded will decrease. B) quantity of labor demanded will increase. C) supply of jobs will decrease. D) None of the above answers are correct.

Suppose there is a rise in the price level, but no change in the money wage rate. As a result, the quantity of labor demanded A) increases. B) decreases. C) does not change because there is no change in the real wage rate. D) decreases only if the money wage rate also decreases.

Suppose there is a rise in the real wage rate. As a result, the quantity of labor demanded A) increases. B) decreases. C) does not change because there is no change in the money wage rate. D) increases only if the price level also decreases.

Suppose the money wage rate and the price level both fall by 5 percent. As a result A) the quantity of labor demanded increases. B) the quantity of labor demanded decreases. C) the quantity of labor demanded does not change because there is no change in the real wage. D) people are worse off and there is more unemployment.

If the price level rises by 3 percent and workers' money wage rates increase by 2 percent, then the A) quantity of labor demanded will decrease. B) quantity of labor demanded will increase. C) quantity of labor demanded does not change because there is no change in the real wage rate. D) real wage rate increases.

If the price level rises by 3 percent and workers' money wages increase by 3 percent, then the A) quantity of labor demand will decrease. B) quantity of labor demand will increase. C) quantity of labor demanded does not change because there is no change in the real wage rate. D) Any of the above could occur depending on the magnitude on the dollar increase in the price level versus the dollar increase in the wage rate.

The demand for labor curve is A) upward sloping at potential GDP and downward sloping elsewhere. B) vertical at potential GDP. C) downward sloping. D) upward sloping because firms demand labor.

The labor demand curve slopes downward because A) the firm maximizes profits by hiring more labor when the real wage rate rises. B) workers supply more hours of work when the real wage rate rises. C) the firm maximizes profits by hiring more labor when the real wage rate falls. D) workers supply fewer hours of work when the real wage rate rises.

If the price level increases, but workers' money wage rates remain constant,which of the following is TRUE? I) The quantity of labor demanded will increase. II) The real wage rate will decrease. III) The demand for labor curve shifts rightward. A) I only B) I and II C) II and III D) I, II and III

The quantity of labor supplied depends on the A) money wage rate not the real wage rate. B) real wage rate not the money wage rate. C) price of output not the money wage rate nor the real wage rate. D) level of profits.

People base their labor supply on the ________ because they care about ________. A) real wage; what their earnings will buy B) real wage; the equality of money wages and the price level C) money wage; a surplus of labor D) money wage; the amount of labor firms demand

If workers' money wage rates increase by 5 percent and the price level remains constant, workers' A) quantity of labor supplied will decrease. B) quantity of labor supplied will increase. C) quantity of labor supplied will not change. D) demand for jobs will decrease.

If the price level rises by 4 percent and workers' money wage rates increase by 2 percent, then the A) quantity of labor supplied decreases. B) quantity of labor supplied increases. C) quantity of labor supplied does not change because there is no change in the real wage rate. D) the supply curve of labor shifts rightward.

If the price level rises by 2 percent and workers' money wages increase by 2 percent, then the A) quantity of labor supply decreases. B) quantity of labor supply increases. C) quantity of labor supplied does not change because there is no change in the real wage rate. D) More information about the dollar change in the price level and money wage rate are needed to answer the question.

If the price level rises by 3 percent and workers' money wage rate increase by 1 percent, then the A) quantity of labor supplied decreases. B) quantity of labor supplied increases. C) quantity of labor supplied does not change because there is no change in the real wage rate. D) real wage rate increases.

The labor force participation rate A) does not change when the real wage rate changes. B) decreases as the real wage rate rises. C) increases as the real wage rate increases. D) has an inverse effect of the supply of labor.

The supply of labor curve A) has a negative slope. B) is independent of the wage rate. C) shows how much labor workers are willing to supply at various real wage rates. D) is usually vertical.

The supply of labor curve is A) vertical at potential GDP. B) upward sloping. C) downward sloping. D) horizontal at the equilibrium wage rate.

Which of the following statements is CORRECT? A) When the real wage increases, the labor supply curve shifts rightward. B) When the real wage increases, the labor supply curve shifts leftward. C) When the real wage decreases, the labor supply curve shifts leftward. D) None of the above statements are correct.

As the real wage rate increases, the A) quantity of labor supplied increases. B) supply of labor curve shifts rightward. C) supply of labor curve shifts leftward. D) quantity of labor supplied increases and the supply of labor shifts rightward.

If the price level increases and workers' money wage rates remain constant,which of the following will occur? I) The quantity of labor supplied will decrease. II) The real wage rate will decrease. III) The labor supply curve will shift rightward. A) I only B) I and II C) II and III D) I, II and III

Greater labor force participation for households at higher real wage rate is one reason that A) the demand for labor curve is upward sloping. B) the demand for labor curve is downward sloping. C) the supply of labor curve is upward sloping. D) the supply of labor curve is downward sloping.

If the money wage rate rises relative to the price level, firms ________ the quantity of labor they demand and workers ________ the quantity of labor they supply. A) increase; increase B) increase; decrease C) decrease; increase D) decrease; decrease

If the price level rises relative to the money wage rate, firms ________ the quantity of labor they demand and workers ________ the quantity of labor they supply. A) increase; increase B) increase; decrease C) decrease; increase D) decrease; decrease

If the real wage rate is such that the quantity of labor supplied equals the quantity of labor demanded A) a full-employment equilibrium occurs. B) actual GDP equals potential GDP. C) the supply curve of labor is vertical. D) Both answers A and B are correct.

If at the prevailing real wage rate, the quantity of labor supplied exceeds the quantity demanded A) there is a shortage of labor. B) the real wage rate will rise to restore equilibrium. C) the real wage rate is greater than the equilibrium real wage rate. D) None of the above answers is correct.

If the real wage rate is such that the quantity of labor supplied is greater than the quantity of labor demanded A) the economy is at full employment. B) actual real GDP will not equal potential GDP. C) job search decreases. D) labor resources are allocated efficiently.

If the real wage rate is such that the quantity of labor supplied by workers is less than the quantity of labor demanded by firms A) the economy is at full employment. B) there is a shortage of labor. C) the real wage rate will fall to restore equilibrium. D) actual real GDP equals potential GDP because firms make the decision about how many workers to hire.

At the full-employment equilibrium in the labor market A) there is no unemployment. B) there are no job vacancies. C) there is neither a shortage nor a surplus of labor. D) the money wage rate equals the real wage rate.

Equilibrium in the labor market A) cannot occur if the production function is shifting upward. B) can happen only when actual GDP exceeds potential GDP. C) means that resources are allocated inefficiently. D) occurs when actual GDP is equal to potential GDP.

When the quantity of labor demanded exceeds the quantity of labor supplied, the real wage rate A) rises to eliminate the labor-market shortage. B) falls to eliminate the labor-market surplus. C) rises to eliminate the labor-market surplus. D) falls to eliminate the labor-market shortage.

If the labor market is in equilibrium and then the labor supply curve shifts rightward A) there will be a shortage of labor at the original equilibrium wage rate. B) there will be a surplus of labor at the original equilibrium wage rate. C) the equilibrium wage rate will rise. D) there will be a surplus of jobs at the new equilibrium.

In the labor market, an increase in labor productivity ________ the real wage rate and ________ the level of employment. A) raises; increases B) raises; decreases C) lowers; increases D) lowers; decreases

-The table above shows the labor market for the country of Pickett. When the labor market is in equilibrium, the real wage rate is ________ and ________ of labor a year are employed. A) any value less than $25 an hour; any value greater than 40 billion hours B) any value greater than $30 an hour; any value more than 40 billion hours C) any value greater than or equal to $25 an hour; any value less than 40 billion hours D) $30 an hour; 40 billion hours

-In the above figure, at the real wage rate of $50 A) there is a surplus of 100 billion hours per year. B) there is a shortage of 100 billion hours per year. C) there is a surplus of 60 billion hours per year. D) there is shortage of 20 billion hours per year.

-In the above figure, what is the full-employment real wage rate and quantity of hours per year? A) $40 and 60 billion hours per year B) $50 and 100 billion hours per year C) $35 and 100 billion hours per year D) $50 and 40 billion hours per year

-In the above figure, at a wage rate of $20 per hour A) there is a shortage of labor. B) there is a surplus of labor. C) the labor supply curve will shift rightward. D) the labor demand curve will shift rightward.

-In the figure, when the real wage rate is $10 an hour, A) a shortage of labor exists and the real wage rate will rise. B) the demand for labor will increase. C) the demand for labor will decrease. D) a surplus of labor exists and the real wage rate will fall.

-In the above figure, the equilibrium real wage rate is A) $10 per hour. B) $15 per hour. C) $20 per hour. D) none of the above

-In the above figure, the equilibrium level of labor is A) 100 billion hours. B) 150 billion hours. C) 200 billion hours. D) none of the above

-In the above figure, if the real wage is $20 per hour, a labor A) shortage will occur and the real wage will rise. B) shortage will occur and the real wage will fall. C) surplus will occur and the real wage will rise. D) surplus will occur and the real wage will fall.

-In the above figure, if the real wage is $10 per hour, a labor A) shortage will occur and the real wage will rise. B) shortage will occur and the real wage will fall. C) surplus will occur and the real wage will rise. D) surplus will occur and the real wage will fall.

Full employment corresponds to A) equilibrium in the labor market, with actual GDP being equal to potential GDP. B) labor demand being greater than labor supply and actual GDP being equal to potential GDP. C) being at the point where the marginal product of labor equals zero. D) equilibrium in the labor market, and actual GDP exceeding potential GDP.

-The tables above show the labor market and the production function schedule for the country of Pickett. Potential GDP is A) $40 trillion. B) $9 trillion. C) $14 trillion. D) $25 trillion.

-The tables above show the labor market and the production function schedule for the country of Pickett. An increase in population changes the labor supply by 20 billion hours at each real wage rate. Potential GDP A) does not change. B) decreases to $3 trillion. C) increases to $50 trillion. D) increases to $18 trillion.

Real GDP grows when I) the quantities of the factors of production grow. II) persistent advances in technology make factors of production increasingly productive. III) human capital grows. A) only I B) both I and III C) only II D) I, II, and III

If the labor and capital grow more quickly, then real GDP will A) not grow fast enough. B) grow more quickly. C) grow more slowly. D) stay fixed at potential GDP.

The real wage rate will fall if the A) labor supply curve shifts rightward and the labor demand curve does not shift. B) labor supply curve shifts leftward and the labor demand curve does not shift. C) labor demand curve shifts rightward and the labor supply curve does not shift. D) labor demand curve shifts rightward more than the labor supply curve shifts rightward.

The U.S. employment-to-population ratio peaked in 2000 and by 2016 it had fallen to 60 percent, a level not seen since the early 1980s. This fall in the employment-to-population ratio shifts the ________ curve ________. A) labor supply; leftward B) labor supply; rightward C) labor demand; leftward D) labor demand; rightward

The U.S. employment-to-population ratio peaked in 2000 and by 2016 it had fallen to 60 percent, a level not seen since the early 1980s. This fall in the employment-to-population ratio ________ the equilibrium quantity of labor and ________ potential GDP. A) increases; increases B) increases; decreases C) decreases; increases D) decreases; decreases

An increase in a nation's population results in A) an upward shift in the production function. B) a movement along the production function. C) a leftward shift in the labor supply curve. D) Both answers A and C are correct.

An increase in a nation's population results in A) a rightward shift in the labor demand curve. B) a movement along the nation's production function. C) a decrease in the full-employment quantity of labor. D) an upward shift of the nation's production function.

An increase in the population and hence the supply of labor causes a A) shortage of labor at the original real wage rate and the real wage rate will fall. B) surplus of labor at the original real wage rate and the real wage rate will rise. C) surplus of labor at the original real wage rate and the real wage rate will fall. D) shortage of labor at the original real wage rate and the real wage rate will rise.

Employment and (total) potential GDP increase if the A) labor supply curve shifts rightward and the labor demand curve does not shift. B) labor demand curve shifts leftward more than the labor supply curve shifts rightward. C) labor demand curve shifts leftward and the labor supply curve does not shift. D) None of the above answers are correct.

When the population increases with no change in labor productivity, employment ________ and potential GDP ________. A) decreases; decreases B) increases; increases C) decreases; increases D) increases; decreases

If the population increases, then potential GDP ________ and employment ________. A) increases; increases B) increases; decreases C) decreases; increases D) decreases; decreases

An increase in the working-age population results in a A) rightward shift of demand for labor curve and an increase in potential GDP. B) rightward shift of the demand for labor curve and no change in potential GDP. C) rightward shift of the supply of labor curve and an increase in potential GDP. D) leftward shift of the supply of labor curve and a decrease in potential GDP.

Potential GDP per labor hour can increase due to A) increases in labor productivity. B) increases in the quantity of money. C) increases in population. D) decreases in the quantity of capital.

Labor growth depends mainly on ________ and labor productivity growth depends mainly on ________. A) population growth; increases in real GDP B) population growth; technological advances C) growth in real GDP per person; growth rate of capital D) growth in real GDP per person; technological advances

Labor productivity is A) real GDP per hour of labor times the hours of work. B) real GDP per hour of labor times the number of people. C) real GDP per hour of labor. D) the rate of change in real GDP per hour of labor.

Dividing the value of real GDP by aggregate labor hours gives A) the net domestic product. B) labor productivity. C) the size of the labor force. D) the rate of capital accumulation.

Labor productivity is defined as A) total output attributable to labor. B) total real GDP. C) the growth rate of the labor force. D) real GDP per hour of labor.

Labor productivity equals A) real GDP divided by the capital stock. B) real GDP divided by the working-age population. C) total wages divided by real GDP. D) real GDP divided by aggregate labor hours.

If real GDP is $800 million and aggregate labor hours are 20 million, labor productivity is A) $40 per hour. B) $16,000 million. C) $40 million. D) $160 per hour.

If real GDP is $13,000 billion and aggregate hours are 270 billion, labor productivity equals A) $6.50 per hour. B) $45 per hour. C) $48 per hour. D) $650 per hour.

If real GDP is $13,500 billion and aggregate hours are 110 billion, labor productivity equals A) $6.75 per hour. B) $104 per hour. C) $123 per hour. D) $675 per hour.

If real GDP is $11,750 billion and aggregate hours are 175 billion, labor productivity equals A) $23.50 per hour. B) $52 per hour. C) $67 per hour. D) $235 per hour.

An increase in labor productivity relates to A) working harder over time. B) working longer over time. C) producing the same output with fewer labor hours. D) producing the same output with more labor hours.

When labor productivity increases, the demand for labor curve ________ and the supply of labor curve ________. A) shifts rightward; shifts rightward B) shifts rightward; does not shift C) shifts leftward; shifts rightward D) shift s leftward; does not shift

If the nation's capital stock increases so that workers become more productive, the A) demand for labor will increase. B) supply of labor will increase. C) demand for labor will decrease. D) supply of labor will decrease.

Which of the following statements is CORRECT? A) When workers become more productive, the demand for labor curve shifts rightward. B) When technology decreases, the supply of labor curve shifts leftward. C) When labor force participation increases, the supply of labor curve shifts leftward. D) When human capital increases, the demand for labor curve shifts leftward.

If both the supply of labor and the demand for labor increase, then A) potential GDP decreases. B) potential GDP increases. C) full employment decreases. D) the impact on potential GDP is uncertain.

An increase in labor productivity ________ the real wage rate and an increase in population ________ the real wage rate. A) raises; lowers B) raises; raises C) lowers; lowers D) lowers; raises

If the demand for labor increases I) employment increases. II) the real wage rate increases. A) Only I is correct. B) Only II is correct. C) Both I and II are correct. D) Neither I nor II is correct.

An advance in technology that results in increased productivity results in a A) rightward shift of the labor supply curve. B) rightward shift of the labor demand curve. C) rightward shift of both the labor supply and labor demand curves. D) no change to the production function.

An advance in technology that increases productivity and an increase in the working-age population results in a A) rightward shift of the labor supply curve. B) rightward shift of the labor demand curve. C) rightward shift of the labor demand curve and of the labor supply curve. D) no change to the production function.

An advance in technology increases the productivity of labor. As a result, the nation's production function shifts ________ and the ________ labor curve shifts rightward. A) upward; demand for B) downward; demand for C) upward; supply of D) downward; supply of

An increase in physical capital or a technological advance A) raises the real wage rate. B) decreases the quantity of labor employed. C) shifts the production function downward. D) decreases demand for labor.

An advance in technology will A) not shift the production function but will lead to a movement down along the production function. B) shift the production function downward. C) not shift the production function but will lead to a movement up along the production function. D) shift the production function upward.

An advance in technology shifts the production function upward and shifts the labor A) demand curve leftward. B) supply curve leftward. C) demand curve rightward. D) supply curve rightward.

An increase in labor productivity shifts the labor ________ curve ________. A) demand; rightward B) demand; leftward C) supply; rightward D) supply; leftward

If new capital increases labor productivity, the supply of labor ________ and the demand for labor ________. A) stays the same; increases B) increases; increases C) increases; decreases D) decreases; stays the same

-As a result of the rightward shift in the demand curve for labor from LD₀ to LD₁, the equilibrium level of employment ________ and potential GDP ________. A) increases; increases B) increases; decreases C) decreases; increases D) decreases; decreases

-The figure above shows the U.S. production function. From 1986 to 2008 the United States experienced major advances in technology as well as an increase in the working-age population. The combined effect can best be shown by a A) movement from point W to point X. B) movement from point Y to point Z. C) movement from point Y to point X. D) movement from point W to point Z.

A decrease in the real wage rate A) shifts the labor demand curve rightward. B) shifts the labor demand curve leftward. C) shifts the labor supply curve leftward. D) none of the above because a change in the real wage rate does not shift either the labor demand or labor supply curve.

The demand for labor curve A) is downward sloping because productivity of labor diminishes as more workers are employed. B) is upward sloping and the supply curve of labor is downward sloping. C) is upward sloping because productivity of labor diminishes as more workers are employed. D) shifts rightward when the real wage rate rises.

An increase in labor productivity shifts the A) labor demand curve rightward. B) labor demand curve leftward. C) labor supply curve rightward. D) labor supply curve leftward.

A decrease in population shifts the A) labor demand curve rightward. B) labor demand curve leftward. C) labor supply curve rightward. D) labor supply curve leftward.

The Industrial Revolution in England in large was the result of A) growth in human capital. B) technological innovations encouraged by the patent system. C) population growth. D) technological innovations that were financed mainly by government spending.

Which of the following is NOT an important factor affecting growth in labor productivity? A) the saving rate B) the speed with which prices fall C) the growth rate of physical capital D) the growth rate of labor productivity

All of the following contribute to labor productivity growth EXCEPT A) population growth. B) physical capital growth. C) human capital growth. D) technological advancements.

Technological change A) lowers the real wage rate. B) decreases labor productivity. C) has no effect on employment. D) increases potential GDP.

A recent survey by India's central bank reported that spending plans by firms on large new projects fell by 46 percent in the year ending March 2012, compared with the prior year. This decrease will most directly impact A) physical capital growth. B) human capital growth. C) technological change. D) population growth.

Factors that influence labor productivity include A) the inflation rate, the real wage rate, and the exchange rate. B) the labor demand curve. C) physical capital, the real wage rate, and technology. D) physical capital, human capital, and technology.

Labor productivity, real GDP per labor hour, increases if A) saving and investment cause an increase in the quantity of capital per worker. B) there is an increase in the accumulation of human capital. C) new technologies are continuously discovered. D) All of the above answers are correct.

Which of the following directly creates growth in labor productivity? I) Growth in capital per hour of labor II) Technological change III) Population growth A) I only B) II only C) I and II D) I and III

Labor productivity rises A) if the amount of capital per worker increases. B) in the absence of technological progress. C) if firms invest in hiring more workers rather than buying more capital. D) if the amount of capital per worker decreases.

Which of the following contributes to an increase in labor productivity? A) increased consumption expenditure B) decreased investment C) increased capital stock D) All of the above contribute to an increase in labor productivity.

Which of the following does NOT increase labor productivity? A) increases in aggregate hours B) physical capital growth C) human capital growth D) technological advances

If capital per worker rises A) labor productivity decreases. B) no technological progress occurs. C) labor productivity increases. D) firms respond by raising their prices.

If the quantity of capital per worker in the economy increases A) the amount of money held by workers increases. B) labor productivity increases. C) the stock of human capital necessarily increases. D) the stock of financial assets held by the public increases.

Saving and investment that increase a nation's capital lead to A) slower growth because there is a lack of consumption. B) a decrease in labor productivity as capital is used to replace labor. C) a decrease in the amount of capital per worker. D) an increase in labor productivity.

An increase in saving that leads to more capital accumulation ________ labor productivity. A) increases B) does not change C) decreases D) probably changes but in an ambiguous direction

A higher savings rate that leads to an increase in the capital stock A) leads to higher interest rates. B) leads to increases in labor productivity. C) immediately decreases investment. D) is associated with a decrease in the rate of growth of the population.

Labor productivity increases with A) increases in consumption expenditure. B) increases in depreciation. C) increases in capital. D) All of the above answers are correct.

If capital per hour of labor increases, real GDP per hour of labor A) decreases for a given level of technology. B) increases because the level of technology increases. C) increases for a given level of technology. D) decreases because the level of technology decreases.

If capital per hour of labor decreases, real GDP per hour of labor A) decreases because the level of technology decreases. B) increases because the level of technology increases. C) increases for a given level of technology. D) decreases for a given level of technology.

An increase in education and training A) increases labor productivity. B) increases aggregate hours. C) decreases real GDP growth. D) increases the employment-to-population ratio.

________ is the knowledge and skill that people have obtained from education and on-the-job training. A) Labor productivity B) Human capital C) Capital D) Technology

Human capital is the A) machinery used by humans to produce GDP. B) technology used by humans to produce GDP. C) skill and knowledge accumulated by humans. D) plant and equipment produced by humans and not by machines.

Human capital is A) the saving done by human beings. B) people's knowledge and skills. C) a measure of the labor productivity of workers. D) the investment people make in industries that make capital goods.

Human capital is, in part, the A) amount of money held by a worker. B) stock of knowledge of a worker. C) stock of plant and equipment. D) stock of financial assets held by the public.

A worker's stock of knowledge is known as A) monetary capital. B) human capital. C) physical capital. D) financial capital.

On-the-job-training is an example of A) increasing labor force participation. B) investment in human capital. C) investment in physical capital. D) technological change.

The more education that workers have, the ________ is their human capital and the ________ is their productivity. A) larger; higher B) larger; smaller C) smaller; higher D) smaller; smaller

During World War II, the increasing productivity of workers who built ships was due primarily to A) human capital accumulation through schooling and training. B) human capital accumulation by repeatedly doing the same tasks. C) discoveries of new and better technologies. D) investments by shipyards in new capital equipment.

Which of the following statements regarding human capital is INCORRECT? A) Human capital is the accumulated skill and knowledge of human beings. B) Education is the only vehicle for the creation of human capital because training simply reinforces what has already been learned. C) The accumulation of human capital is the source of both increased productivity and technological advance. D) Writing and mathematics, the most basic of human skills, are crucial elements in economic progress.

Workers who pursue an education directly increase their A) financial capital. B) physical capital. C) human capital. D) saving.

In addition to saving and investment in capital, making an even larger contribution to long-term economic growth in real GDP per person A) are technological advances. B) is lower current consumption. C) is higher current consumption. D) is a larger work force.

Most ________ is embodied in physical capital. A) human capital B) technological change C) labor productivity D) economic growth

Which of the following is associated with classical growth theory? I) Growth in real GDP can continue indefinitely. II) Technological growth increases as the population grows. III) Population explosions bring real GDP per person back to subsistence levels. A) I B) II C) III D) I and III

The view that population growth occurs when real GDP per person exceeds the amount necessary to sustain life is part of the A) classical growth theory. B) modern theory of population growth. C) neoclassical growth theory. D) new growth theory.

An assumption of classical growth theory is that when ________ the population growth rate ________. A) real GDP per person exceeds the subsistence level; increases B) people become more skilled; decreases C) the real wage rate falls; increases D) saving declines; decreases

Classical growth theory asserts that A) an increase in the labor supply raises real wage rates. B) the economy can grow indefinitely. C) real wage rates fall over time and, as they fall, they increase the population growth rate. D) population growth is determined by the level of real GDP per person.

Which of the following is consistent with the classical theory of growth? A) permanent increases in real wages B) permanent growth in productivity C) rapid population growth in poor countries D) permanent increases in living standards

Classical growth theory states that A) growth is maximized when everyone is fully employed. B) growth is followed by increases in the population, eventually leaving real GDP per person unchanged. C) growth in real GDP per person is difficult in the beginning but easier in the later stages. D) advances in technology will always insure a permanent increase in real GDP per person.

Which of the following predicts that there can be no sustained rise in real GDP per person above the subsistence level? A) classical growth theory B) neoclassical growth theory C) new growth theory D) None of the above because all predict that there will be a sustained rise above the subsistence level.

Classical growth theory argues that when real GDP per person rises above the subsistence level A) technological change slows down, stagnating the economy. B) population growth increases, driving real GDP per person back to subsistence level. C) people don't want to work as much, decreasing labor supply. D) the economy enjoys a period of permanent growth.

What best explains why real GDP per person is always driven to the subsistence level in the classical model? A) Population growth occurs, increasing the supply of labor. B) Population growth occurs, shifting the labor supply curve leftward. C) Growth is not possible so the demand for labor never changes. D) Investment in capital decreases labor demand, decreasing the demand for labor.

Which of the following ideas are included in classical growth theory? I) Subsistence real GDP per person II) Growth in real GDP per person is temporary. III) Technological change induces investment. A) I only B) I and II C) II and III D) I, II and III

The assumption that population growth will lead to a fall in real GDP per person rate back to subsistence level is A) accepted by all economists today. B) associated with Malthusians. C) part of the neoclassical school of growth theory. D) central to the new growth theory.

According to the classical growth theory of Thomas Malthus A) labor productivity increases continuously. B) the population growth rate is fixed. C) technological advances lead to permanent increases in real GDP per person. D) increases in real GDP per person are only temporary.

Population increases are the limiting factor in the growth process in A) classical growth theory. B) neoclassical growth theory. C) the new growth theory. D) real growth theory.

Classical growth theory proposes that real GDP growth is ________ and that real GDP per person will ________ the subsistence level. A) permanent; temporarily be above B) permanent; always be above C) temporary; temporarily be above D) temporary; be above and below

Classical economists believed that A) real GDP per person would rise above its subsistence level in the long run. B) real GDP per person would never rise above its subsistence level in the long run. C) the demand for labor increases when the population increases. D) population growth decreases as real GDP per person rises.

Classical growth theory asserts that A) growth in real GDP per person is temporary. B) only some countries can have economic growth. C) real GDP growth will eventually be a constant 3 percent per year. D) nominal GDP growth is most important.

The classical model of Malthus predicted that economies would A) continue to grow indefinitely. B) experience rapid technological progress. C) reach a state where the growth of real GDP per person stopped. D) experience significant productivity growth.

Which of the following is consistent with classical growth theory? A) Real GDP per person will increase because technological change induces investment. B) Real GDP per person will never permanently increase. C) Competition destroys innovation and decreases profit. D) As real GDP increases, there will be a decrease in the rate of population growth.

According to the neoclassical growth theory A) increases in labor productivity are only temporary. B) technological change depends on people's choices. C) forces other than GDP growth determine population growth. D) higher saving rates generate permanently faster growth in GDP per person.

Neoclassical growth theory predicts that A) population growth rates slow as employment opportunities for women increase. B) population explosions decrease real GDP per person. C) economic growth leads to technological change. D) the pursuit of profit creates perpetual growth.

Which of the following ideas apply to the neoclassical growth theory? I) The rate of technological change influences the rate of economic growth. II) Technological change promotes saving and investment. III) Convergence of economic growth rates across countries. A) I only B) III only C) I and II D) I, II and III

Which of the following ideas apply to the neoclassical growth theory? I) Technological change results from chance. II) Growth in real GDP stops if technology stops advancing. A) I only B) II only C) both I and II D) neither I nor II

Neoclassical growth theory attributes economic growth to A) technological change. B) fiscal policy. C) the law of diminishing returns. D) increasing population growth.

A recent article states that "...gains from two centuries of rapid technological innovation are largely exhausted, and new discoveries lack the same revolutionary quality....{Further}, 80 percent of the growth between 1950 and 1993 came from the new application of old ideas, and these old ideas are now mostly wrung dry." (The Economist, 03/03/2011) -If this quote is TRUE, what would the neoclassical growth theory predict? A) Economic growth stops because most technological advances have already been made. B) Economic growth is temporary regardless of technological change and GDP per person returns to subsistence levels. C) Economic growth will persist indefinitely because technological change will accelerate again as firms seek profits. D) Economic growth will accelerate because these technological changes are permanent.

A recent article states that "...gains from two centuries of rapid technological innovation are largely exhausted, and new discoveries lack the same revolutionary quality....{Further}, 80 percent of the growth between 1950 and 1993 came from the new application of old ideas, and these old ideas are now mostly wrung dry." (The Economist, 03/03/2011) -The neoclassical growth theory says, in part, that A) a population explosion driven by economic growth will end economic growth. B) technological change leads to economic growth. C) the differences in nation's growth rates will persist indefinitely. D) technology does not play a role in economic growth.

A recent article states that "...gains from two centuries of rapid technological innovation are largely exhausted, and new discoveries lack the same revolutionary quality....{Further}, 80 percent of the growth between 1950 and 1993 came from the new application of old ideas, and these old ideas are now mostly wrung dry." (The Economist, 03/03/2011) -In neoclassical growth theory, technological change A) occurs by chance. B) is influenced by population growth. C) is influenced by the rate of economic growth. D) occurs at a steady rate.

An assumption of neoclassical growth theory is that A) technological change is random. B) technological change can be influenced by savings. C) more growth encourages more technological change. D) None of the above answers is correct.

Neoclassical growth theory assumes that technological progress A) is determined by investment. B) is determined by saving. C) responds to economic incentives. D) is a purely chance event.

Neoclassical growth theory proposes that A) technological progress increases the population growth rate and drives down real wages. B) real GDP per person grows because technological change increases profit opportunities. C) real GDP growth is caused by growth in the population. D) discoveries result from choices that increase profits.

Within neoclassical growth theory, technological change ________ saving and ________ investment. A) increases; increases B) increases; decreases C) decreases; increases D) decreases; decreases

Neoclassical growth theory is based on the proposition that real GDP per person grows when A) the population growth rate increases. B) the population growth rate decreases. C) technological advances occur. D) saving decreases.

According to neoclassical growth theory, the higher real GDP per person from economic growth will A) not last because the population will increase. B) last because there is no link between growth and population. C) last indefinitely regardless of any other factor. D) last as long as technological change continues.

Neoclassical growth theory predicts that A) advances in technology increase the productivity of capital, which leads to an increase in investment and rising real GDP per person. B) advances in technology are a result of discoveries motivated by the pursuit of profits. C) growth in real GDP can increase without any increase in investment. D) growth in real GDP can continue indefinitely.

Neoclassical growth theory A) predicts that growth rates and incomes per person throughout the world will converge. B) predicts that the faster growing underdeveloped nations will overtake and then surpass the industrial nations. C) predicts that nations that enjoy a technological advantage will maintain that advantage. D) makes no predictions about the relative growth or incomes among countries.

Neoclassical growth theory predicts that China's economic growth rate will A) decrease when the interest rate increases. B) continue at around 10 percent a year. C) always remain above the U.S. economic growth rate. D) eventually converge to the U.S. economic growth rate.

A problem with the neoclassical growth theory is its A) prediction that population growth lowers the real wage rate. B) inability to explain persistent differences between countries' GDP growth rates. C) prediction that population growth raises the real wage rate. D) comparison of the economy to a perpetual motion machine.

The notion that technological change is not random but instead is driven by the pursuit of profits is an essential element of A) classical growth theory. B) neoclassical growth theory. C) the new growth theory. D) perpetual growth theory.

According to the new growth theory, competition A) reduces profit. B) increases profit. C) has no impact on real profit, only nominal profit. D) is only theoretical because all firms are growing at some rate.

According to new growth theory, technological change is driven by A) random chance. B) government policies. C) foreign firms' attempts to increase their sales in the domestic market. D) firms' attempts to increase their profit.

Because of the choices people make in the pursuit of profit, new growth theory argues that A) technology growth slows down in the long-run. B) population growth increases will bring real GDP per person back to subsistence level. C) the capital stock experiences diminishing returns. D) the economy can enjoy persisting economic growth.

________ predicts that real GDP per person can grow indefinitely. A) New growth theory B) Classical growth theory C) Profit growth theory D) Neoclassical growth theory

New growth theory predicts that A) economic growth is only temporary. B) economic growth can last indefinitely. C) economic growth is eroded by changes in taxes. D) government policies can do nothing to foster increased growth.

A central proposition of the new growth theory is that A) growth will cease but prosperity will persist. B) knowledge is not subject to diminishing returns. C) government direction and oversight is necessary for consistent growth. D) growth is often just an illusion fostered by growth accounting.

New growth theory assumes that A) all inputs experience diminishing returns. B) only random technological advances produce growth. C) knowledge does not experience diminishing returns. D) None of the above answers is correct.

A key feature of the new growth theory is the assumption of A) diminishing returns to labor. B) diminishing returns to knowledge. C) no diminishing returns to knowledge. D) no diminishing returns to labor.

According to the new growth theory A) the rate of technological progress is determined by chance. B) knowledge is not subject to diminishing returns. C) the labor demand curve does not shift rightward over time. D) the concept of a labor market is not necessary.

According to new growth theory A) ever-advancing productivity keeps the population growth rate high. B) knowledge does not experience diminishing returns. C) growth rates and income levels per person around the globe will converge. D) knowledge is subject to the law of diminishing returns.

Which theory emphasizes the significance of new discoveries that can be used by many people at the same time? A) neoclassical growth theory B) new growth theory C) classical growth theory D) None of the above answers are correct.

Which of the following is NOT associated with the new growth theory? A) natural resources B) research C) technology D) innovation

New growth theory A) dates from the 18th century. B) concludes that economic growth is temporary. C) states that economic growth arises from people's choices. D) asserts that population growth is the source of economic growth.

An important foundation of the new growth theory is that A) we will get more technological advances the more the government is involved in deciding which technology to pursue. B) we will get more technological advances the greater the rewards people receive from making technological advances. C) the growth rate of the capital stock is more important than the growth rate of new knowledge in generating economic growth. D) improvements in labor productivity are poor measures of technological growth.

New growth theory economists believe that: I) Economic growth can continue as long as we keep finding new ideas. II) The marginal product of capital diminishes very rapidly, so we must rely upon technological advances to create economic growth. A) I only B) II only C) both I and II D) neither I nor II

New growth theory proposes that real GDP per person grows because of ________ and that growth ________. A) the pursuit of profit; can persist indefinitely B) productivity shocks; can persist indefinitely C) technological change; can only increase above the subsistence level temporarily D) productivity shocks; occurs randomly

Which growth theory models growth as a perpetual motion machine? A) new growth theory B) classical growth theory C) neoclassical growth theory D) all growth theories model growth as a perpetual motion machine

Which growth theory predicts perpetual growth? A) classical growth theory B) neoclassical growth theory C) new growth theory D) None of the above answers is correct.

The growth theory that predicts perpetual economic growth is A) classical growth theory. B) neoclassical growth theory. C) the new growth theory. D) real growth theory.

Which one of the following statements about growth theories is CORRECT? A) In the new growth theory, knowledge is not subject to diminishing returns. B) In neoclassical growth theory, technological progress is the result of rapid increases in saving and investment in capital per person. C) In classical growth theory, real GDP per person is unrelated to the subsistence real GDP. D) In classical growth theory physical resources are unlimited.

Ongoing economic growth in real GDP per person requires all of the following EXCEPT A) investment in human capital. B) the discovery of new technologies. C) saving and investment in new capital. D) population growth.

Which of the following has NOT been one of the primary sources of economic growth over the last 200 years? A) investment in new capital B) resource conservation C) investment in human capital D) discoveries of new technology

Which of the following policy actions could speed productivity growth? I) Tax incentives to encourage saving II) Encouraging international trade III) Directing public funds toward financing basic research A) II only B) I and III C) I only D) I, II, and III

A higher saving rate leads to faster growth because A) more saving produces greater additions to capital per hour of labor, raising real GDP per person. B) capital would wear out faster. C) people could consume more of an economy's output. D) population growth would accelerate.

If the saving rate increases, a country's growth rate of real GDP per hour of labor ________ and capital per hour of labor ________. A) increases; increases B) increases; decreases C) decreases; increases D) decreases; decreases

Savings is an important factor influencing economic growth because saving A) can finance new investment and capital formation. B) helps the economy maintain the current level of total expenditures when a recession begins. C) provides a fund for wages needed from any unexpected population growth. D) All of the above answers are correct.

Which of the following statements is CORRECT? I) Higher savings rates can stimulate economic growth. II) Limiting international trade can stimulate economic growth. A) I only B) II only C) both I and II D) neither I nor II

One policy that would increase the saving rate would be A) raising taxes on the returns to saving. B) raising taxes on the returns to investment. C) taxing consumption. D) raising taxes on saving.

To achieve faster growth, one possibility is to tax A) consumption. B) saving. C) hiring. D) immigration.

Activities that encourage faster growth are A) investment in new capital and human capital. B) high levels of consumption and low levels of savings. C) taxes on saving that serve to encourage more spending and less saving. D) developing trade barriers to protect national industries.

Which of the following policies improves prospects for more rapid economic growth? A) policies to increase government expenditure B) limitations on international trade C) policies to increase the educational attainment of the labor force D) encouragement of political instability

All of the following lead to more rapid economic growth EXCEPT A) restricting international trade. B) encouraging higher rates of saving. C) supporting more research and development. D) encouraging higher quality education.

A country would achieve faster growth by A) encouraging free trade. B) increasing the cost of education. C) increasing union membership. D) taxing income and not consumption.

Several factors are important for achieving faster economic growth. Which of the following is one of those factors? A) expansion of international trade B) increased government expenditure C) increased taxes on saving D) promotion of consumption expenditure

Economic growth tends to be higher in a country that A) has a low savings rate. B) has an economy open to international trade. C) has an undeveloped system of property rights. D) does not grant patents to inventors.

The relationship between education and economic growth can best be summarized by saying that A) educated people are less apt to consume goods that deplete economic resources, which encourages economic growth. B) educational expenditures tend to divert funds from productive investments, which discourages economic growth. C) educational expenditures tend to be inflationary, which discourages economic growth. D) education has benefits beyond those who receive the education, which encourages economic growth.

All of the following would increase the growth rate of the economy EXCEPT A) raising the saving rate. B) stimulating research and development. C) discouraging international trade. D) None of the above answers is correct because they all would increase the growth rate.

Which of the following will NOT work to increase the rate of economic growth? A) increase saving B) limit competition from international trade C) improve the quality of education D) All of the above will work to increase the rate of economic growth.

All of the following would stimulate economic growth EXCEPT A) decreasing taxes on consumption (for instance, decreasing a sales taxes) and increasing income taxes. B) subsidizing basic research. C) decreasing tuition charges at state universities. D) encouraging international trade.

According to empirical evidence A) providing international aid to developing nations stimulates economic growth. B) providing international aid to developing nations does not have a positive effect on economic growth. C) international trade stimulates economic growth in richer nations, but actually slows economic growth in developing economies. D) international trade stimulates economic growth in developing economies, but actually slows economic growth in richer nations.

Which theory of economic growth concludes that in the long run real GDP per person will be at its subsistence level? A) the classical theory B) the neoclassical theory C) the new growth theory D) all of the theories

A factor that turned out to be a weakness of the classical theory of growth is its A) emphasis on saving and investment. B) assumption that the growth rate of the population increases when income increases. C) reliance on constant growth in technology. D) neglect of the subsistence real wage.

An assumption of the neoclassical theory of growth is that A) people receive only subsistence real GDP per person. B) all technological advances are the result of chance. C) the marginal product of all types of capital increases as more capital is accumulated. D) knowledge has diminishing returns.

In the neoclassical theory of growth, growth in ________ is the result of luck. A) saving B) income C) technology D) the real interest rate

A key assumption of new growth theory is that A) all technological change is the result of luck. B) higher incomes lead to a higher birth rate. C) a successful innovator has the opportunity to earn a temporary, above-average profit. D) the population growth rate is lower than the real interest rate.

Which theory of economic growth concludes that growth can continue indefinitely? A) the classical theory B) the neoclassical theory C) the new theory D) all of the theories

The table below shows data for China. The economic growth rate in China between 2000 and 2003 was ________ percent. A) 30 B) 37 C) 1.97 D) 98

The table below shows data for China. The standard of living between 2003 and 2006 increased by A) 55.3 percent. B) 1.8 percent. C) 35 percent. D) 32.7 percent.

"IT Policy Can Spur Economic Growth, Industry Says" As staffers on Capitol Hill know all too well, the growth of technology has created an economy increasingly reliant on energy consumption, as BlackBerrys, laptops, and other devices become everyday necessities. The right policies, however, can make IT growth a part of the energy solution rather than the problem, IT representatives said Monday at a forum, in a congressional office, hosted by the Information Technology & Innovation Foundation. Information technology could reduce the expected growth in carbon emissions by one third over 10 years, said Daniel Castro, a senior analyst with the ITIF. Information and communication technology has "great promise in driving economic growth as well as reducing emissions," added David Isaacs, director of government affairs for Hewlett-Packard, but "policy should drive these results." Www)news.cnet.com 11/17/2008 In order to drive economic growth in real GDP per person, the changes in information technology that the article addresses must A) cause a movement along the aggregate production function. B) increase labor productivity. C) increase labor supply. D) decrease the demand for labor.

"Premier Liu Chao-shiuan announced Tuesday a government plan to distribute NT$82.9 billion (US$2.51 billion) in consumption coupons to Taiwan's citizens in a bid to stimulate ... economic growth." www.etaiwannews.com 11/18/2008 The Premier's plan to boost economic growth by boosting consumption A) will work because employment will increase. B) will work because there will be a movement out along Taiwan's aggregate production function. C) will not work because real GDP per person will decrease. D) will not work because economic growth is boosted by labor productivity, not consumption.

Hu Tells Leaders China Growth Will Help World Economy Chinese President Hu Jintao told world leaders that his country "has taken an active part in the international cooperation to deal with the financial crisis'' by providing a "$586 billion economic stimulus, focused on building low-rent housing, roads, railways and airports. The package also allows tax deductions for fixed assets such as machinery to stimulate investment. Farmers will also benefit from more subsidies." Hu stated that "China is in itself an important contribution to international financial stability and world economic growth.'' Www)bloomberg.com 11/15/2008 If the fiscal stimulus spending does generate economic growth, we can expect to see A) growth in labor productivity. B) growth China's price level. C) an excess supply of labor in China's labor market. D) growth in the supply of labor.

Hu Tells Leaders China Growth Will Help World Economy Chinese President Hu Jintao told world leaders that his country "has taken an active part in the international cooperation to deal with the financial crisis'' by providing a "$586 billion economic stimulus, focused on building low-rent housing, roads, railways and airports. The package also allows tax deductions for fixed assets such as machinery to stimulate investment. Farmers will also benefit from more subsidies." Hu stated that "China is in itself an important contribution to international financial stability and world economic growth.'' Www)bloomberg.com 11/15/2008 Which of the following will occur if China's spending generates economic growth in real GDP per person? I) There will be an upward shift in China's aggregate production function. Ii) There will be a rightward shift in China's labor demand curve. III) There will be an increase in the real wage. A) I and II only B) I, II and III C) I and III only D) II and III only

Hu Tells Leaders China Growth Will Help World Economy Chinese President Hu Jintao told world leaders that his country "has taken an active part in the international cooperation to deal with the financial crisis'' by providing a "$586 billion economic stimulus, focused on building low-rent housing, roads, railways and airports. The package also allows tax deductions for fixed assets such as machinery to stimulate investment. Farmers will also benefit from more subsidies." Hu stated that "China is in itself an important contribution to international financial stability and world economic growth.'' Www)bloomberg.com 11/15/2008 China wants to increase investment because this change will A) increase the growth in physical capital and speed up economic growth. B) increase human capital. C) cause an increase in the supply of labor. D) not cause the real wage rate to increase so employment will increase.

Strategy to Address Dependence on Foreign Workers, Labour Market Demands The prime minister of Malaysia announced his government's "immediate focus would be to enhance skills development and improve the quality of education." By "the constant upgrading of skills of the country's workforce" he hoped to improve the country's "global competitiveness and raise average incomes of workers." Www)thestar.com.my 11/21/2008 The story describes A) a plan increase physical capital. B) improvements in Malaysia's incentive system. C) a consequence of economic growth. D) a plan to increase human capital.

Strategy to Address Dependence on Foreign Workers, Labour Market Demands The prime minister of Malaysia announced his government's "immediate focus would be to enhance skills development and improve the quality of education." By "the constant upgrading of skills of the country's workforce" he hoped to improve the country's "global competitiveness and raise average incomes of workers." Www)thestar.com.my 11/21/2008 The long-run benefit of enhancing "skill development and improve....education" is to A) improve property rights. B) increase labor supply. C) speed economic growth. D) smooth the growth of labor productivity.

"Why India Cannot Sustain High Economic Growth", by Kunal KumarKundu In his article about India's prospects for growth, the author notes that "Per capita availability of food grain is falling as population is growing faster than food grain production. Deplorable rural infrastructure leads to India wasting an amount of food grain... . India's agriculture is still so very highly monsoon dependent..." Www)rediff.com 5/29/2008 This view of India's economic growth is best reflected in the A) classical growth theory. B) new growth theory. C) neoclassical growth theory. D) aggregate production theory.

"Why India Cannot Sustain High Economic Growth", by Kunal KumarKundu In his article about India's prospects for growth, the author notes that "Per capita availability of food grain is falling as population is growing faster than food grain production. Deplorable rural infrastructure leads to India wasting an amount of food grain... . India's agriculture is still so very highly monsoon dependent..." Www)rediff.com 5/29/2008 If the author is suggesting that India's growth prospects are explained by the classical growth theory, we also expect that A) real GDP per worker will increase. B) the subsistence wage will increase. C) the economy will perpetually grow. D) labor productivity, which has risen in recent years, will eventually decline.

Use the table below to answer this question. The data show national savings rates as a percentage of GDP; the growth rate of real GDP per person; and birth rates in 2006. www.econstats.com; www.os-connect.com If the data support the neoclassical growth theory, we would expect to see A) Japan with the highest economic growth rate because the high saving means that more capital is accumulated. B) the United States with the highest economic growth rate because a lower savings rate means more income is spent on consumption. C) Canada with the highest economic growth rate because it has the highest real GDP per person. D) the United States with the highest economic growth rate because it has the highest birth rate.

"Global Innovation 1000-Money Isn't Everything." The report by Booz Allen Hamilton Consulting claims that "There is no direct relationship between R&D spending and significant measures of corporate success such as growth, profitability, and shareholder return. ...However, the pace of corporate R&D spending continues to accelerate, as many executives continue to believe that enhanced innovation is required to fuel their future growth. Www)boozallen.com 10/11/2005 The report provides ________ evidence of the ________. A) conflicting; new growth model which claims that profits are linked to innovation B) supporting; new growth model which claims that innovation is indirectly related to profit C) conflicting; neoclassical growth model which claims that population growth spurs technology D) supporting; neoclassical growth model which claims that technology advances are random

According to UNESCO reporting, "Governments in North America and Western Europe invested the highest shares of national resources in education: 5.6 percent of GDP." As a result, we would expect ________, all else held constant. www.worldometers.info A) higher economic growth rates in these countries compared to other countries B) lower economic growth rates in the countries because fewer resources can be devoted to innovation C) lower research and development spending and lower economic growth unless the governments can raise taxes D) lower saving rates and slower economic growth

Cuba spends the highest percentage of GDP (18.7 percent) on education while the United States is the 38th highest spender with 5.7 percent of GDP. If spending on education is important for economic growth, which of the following statements explain why Cuba's economic growth rate is lower than the U.S. economic growth rate? (data from United Nations Human Development Programme) A) Cuba trades with many more countries than does the United States. B) Cuba doesn't offer property rights that promote innovation. C) Cuba's population is smaller than the U.S. population. D) all of the above explain why Cuba's economic growth rate is lower than the U.S. economic growth rate.

How has U.S. real GDP per person changed over the last 100 years?

Briefly explain how growth in real GDP differs across economies including the United States, Japan, Nigeria, Mexico, Hong Kong, Korea, and Singapore.

How has the U.S. growth experience compared to that of Russia and Nigeria? How has compared to the recent experience of Asian nations such as Hong Kong and Singapore.

Discuss the aggregate production function. How does the aggregate production function relate to the labor market and potential GDP?

Define the aggregate production function. Discuss why the aggregate production function exhibits diminishing returns.

What is the real wage rate?

Explain how the labor market and the production function determine potential GDP.

How will an increase in physical capital affect labor productivity, labor demand, and potential GDP?

What happens to the real wage rate and potential GDP if population increases?

With no change in labor productivity, what would happen to the real wage rate and potential GDP if the population increased?

What is the effect on real GDP per person if labor productivity increases?

Define labor productivity. Discuss the relationship between labor productivity, human capital growth, and technology change.

What factors raise the productivity of labor?

List and explain the factors that can increase labor productivity.

What are the sources of human capital?