Quiz 5: Learning and Behaviour Processes

Three of the following are basic assumptions of behaviourism in relation to learning.Which one is not? A)learning is observable. B)learning is affective. C)learning is based on experiences. D)learning involves a behaviour change.

When behaviourists describe the learner as a "black box," they mean that: A)many stimuli have no noticeable effect on the learner. B)events occurring within the learner cannot be studied scientifically. C)nothing occurs inside the learner. D)a learner makes many responses in the absence of any observed external stimulus.

Which one of the following examples best illustrates the effect of contiguity on learning? A)Because you studied hard Thursday night, you do well on an exam Friday morning. B)Because you did well on the Friday exam, you will get a good grade at the end of the semester. C)As you step onto a tennis court for the first time, you recall how you saw tennis players at Wimbledon serve the ball. D)Because a classmate embarrasses you in front of your friends, you associate that classmate with bad feelings.

Each time Annette reads aloud in class, she is mocked because of her accent.According to behaviourists, Annette has likely learned to dread reading because: A)she cannot read as well as others. B)her accent and classmates' response occurred together. C)she has not yet reached concrete operations. D)she has a low self-esteem.

Classical conditioning typically occurs when: A)a response is followed by two stimuli. B)a response is followed by an unpleasant stimulus. C)two stimuli are presented at about the same time. D)a response is followed by a single reinforcing stimulus.

A conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning is one that: A)elicits a response without any prior learning being necessary. B)begins to elicit a response it has not previously elicited. C)follows the conditioned response. D)follows the unconditioned response.

Which of the following is the closest to the concept of learning? A)unconditioned stimulus. B)conditioned stimulus. C)conditioned response. D)unconditioned response.

Matthew once had a teacher who punished him severely whenever he did poorly on a mathematics test.Now he refuses to open a math book, saying that he is "too scared" to do so.He has learned to associate mathematics with the pain of punishment.Here, the painful punishment is a(n): A)unconditioned stimulus. B)unconditioned response. C)conditioned stimulus. D)conditioned response.

Which one of the following is not a classroom example of behaviourist assumptions? A)Mr.Smith asks for proofs with math problems B)Ms.Lajoie gives immediate positive feedback when she notices good behaviour C)Mr.Chang writes observable learning objectives D)Ms.Simard provides challenging tasks

Jane learned the sign for "more" in the context of food.When she uses the sign "more" in the context of play, Jane is displaying: A)over-generalization. B)replication. C)generalization. D)extinction.

What is the main difference between contiguity and contingency?: A)the predictability of two things occurring together. B)affect vs.behaviour. C)one is more extinguishable. D)one is more demanding cognitively.

Which one of the following situations illustrates extinction of a classically conditioned response? A)Alfonso thinks school is a waste of time because he does not learn anything he can really use. B)Brian experiences more and more anxiety about mathematics as his math problems become increasingly challenging. C)Carla becomes less afraid of tests over time when she finds that she can succeed at them. D)Deirdre does not like keeping her desk clean because she has too much stuff.

Nathan is extremely anxious whenever he takes a test.From a classical conditioning perspective, we should: A)give him a few extremely difficult tests at first, and then gradually give him easier ones. B)give him a few easy tests while he is feeling relaxed. C)reinforce him for each test question he answers correctly. D)reassure him that he can do well if he tries hard.

Which of the following teachers is incorporating the principles of classical conditioning in their approach? A)Mr.Rondeau has students play "hot potato" with a basketball when introducing the sport in gym class. B)Ms.Park asks students to think about their thinking in science class. C)Mr.Reid has students repeat multiplication tables. D)Mr.Scott has older students tutor younger ones.

The basic idea underlying operant conditioning is that: A)responses are learned primarily through repetition. B)responses are affected by the consequences that follow them. C)learners are more motivated to acquire some behaviours than others. D)stimulus-response associations, once learned, are permanent.

Three of the following are examples of operant conditioning.Which one is not? A)Andrew gives his dog Maggie a scrap of food from his plate whenever Maggie begs at the dinner table.Before long, Maggie is by Andrew's side begging at every meal. B)Bart uses obscene words when he speaks in class.His teacher scolds him for such language in front of his classmates.Much to the teacher's dismay, Bart's use of obscene words increases. C)Carol's room has been a disaster area for more than a month, with toys and clothes lying about everywhere.Carol's mother has told her that, once the room has been cleaned, they will spend a day at the zoo.There is no noticeable improvement in Carol's housekeeping habits. D)Daniel once went to visit the elderly woman next door, and she gave him a couple of homemade cookies.Now Daniel goes to see the woman almost every day after school and comes home a half an hour later still licking crumbs off his lips.

Mr.Hall tells his students that they can do whatever they want for the first ten minutes of class, but then must turn their attention to the day's assignment.The students are delighted with their ten minutes of "free time" but then do not attend to the assignment when it is time for them to do so.From an operant conditioning perspective, what mistake has Mr.Hall made? A)The reinforcement was not immediate. B)He has used negative reinforcement instead of positive reinforcement. C)Free time is not an effective reinforcer for most students. D)The "reinforcer" is not contingent on the response.

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two types of learning described by behaviourists.A major difference between them is that: A)classical conditioning deals almost exclusively with stimuli, whereas operant conditioning deals almost exclusively with responses. B)classical conditioning deals almost exclusively with responses, whereas operant conditioning deals almost exclusively with stimuli. C)classically conditioned responses are voluntary, whereas responses learned through operant conditioning are involuntary. D)classically conditioned responses are involuntary, whereas responses learned through operant conditioning are voluntary.

Heather, a student with an undiagnosed learning disability, misbehaves during language arts and is sent to the principal's office.Heather's strategy might be indicative of: A)positive reinforcement. B)Premack principle. C)punishment. D)negative reinforcement.

Primary reinforcers are stimuli that: A)satisfy physiological needs. B)are the most effective of all reinforcers. C)work only with students in the lower elementary grades. D)are effective even when presented before the desired response.

Which one of the following is a primary reinforcer? A)a penny B)a hundred dollars C)a glass of water D)praise

Which of the following factors best serves to define what is reinforcing to individual students? A)emotional regulation. B)cognitive level. C)motivation. D)attention.

Jerome is a student in your classroom for whom the only effective reinforcer is something to eat, such as candy.You would like Jerome to find your praise reinforcing as well.From an operant conditioning perspective, your best strategy would be to: A)give Jerome praise whenever you give him something to eat. B)explain to Jerome how important it is that he not be so reliant on concrete reinforcers. C)explain to Jerome that praise gives him feedback about the things he is doing well. D)show Jerome that all his classmates respond positively to praise.

Which one of the following statements best describes positive reinforcement? A)Reinforcement consists of getting something one finds desirable. B)Reinforcement consists of getting rid of something one finds undesirable. C)A desirable classroom behaviour is reinforced. D)An undesirable classroom behaviour is reinforced.

Ms.Vautour starts each class by describing her expectations for the period in concrete ways.Why is this important according to behaviourists? A)students should view their teachers as authority. B)so you can better determine if progress is being made. C)to help students focus their attention. D)young children need concrete examples.

Bill's behaviours in Ms.Kennedy's class are really distracting to other students.For example, he whispers to the boy beside him when Ms.Kennedy is giving directions on how to do any assignment.He flings paper clips at a girl across the room.He makes strange grunting noises that a few classmates find amusing.Ms.Kennedy glares at him or admonishes him whenever he behaves in a distracting way, yet his inappropriate behaviours are increasing rather than decreasing.Which one of the following interpretations best explains why Bill's behaviours are increasing? A)Ms.Kennedy is positively reinforcing him for the distracting behaviours. B)Ms.Kennedy is negatively reinforcing him for the distracting behaviours. C)Ms.Kennedy is vicariously reinforcing him for the distracting behaviours. D)Ms.Kennedy is punishing him for the distracting behaviours.

The best example of a social reinforcer is: A)getting a new outfit that you think is "cool." B)being allowed to play ball hockey at a friend's house after you finish your homework. C)being told that you did a good job. D)feeling good about your own generosity toward a less fortunate classmate.

The best example of the use of the Premack principle is: A)getting a new outfit that you think is "cool." B)being allowed to play ball hockey at a friend's house after you finish your homework. C)being told that you did a good job. D)feeling good about your own generosity toward a less fortunate classmate.

Ms.Aguilar's third-grade students enjoy art and spend much of their free time drawing and painting.If she tells them, "You can paint as soon as you finish your arithmetic problems," she is providing: A)negative reinforcement. B)an activity reinforcer. C)an intrinsic reinforcer. D)intermittent reinforcement.

One common educational practice is to chart students' progress over time so that students can see their own improvement.These progress charts often lead to higher student achievement in the absence of other observable forms of reinforcement.The effectiveness of such charts in changing behaviour illustrates the role of reinforcement: A)as feedback. B)as an immediate, rather than delayed, consequence. C)as a delayed, rather than immediate, consequence. D)in standardized achievement testing.

The best example of intrinsic reinforcement is: A)getting a new outfit that you think is "cool." B)being allowed to play ball hockey at a friend's house after you finish your homework. C)being told that you did a good job. D)feeling good about your own generosity toward a less fortunate classmate.

Which of the following is the frequency of a response prior to operant conditioning? A)baseline. B)contingency. C)unconditioned stimulus. D)conditioned response.

Which one of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? A)A teacher praises Kevin profusely, to the point that it embarrasses him, when he turns in his homework. B)When Katie insults another student while waiting in line for lunch, her teacher moves her to the end of the line. C)When Elijah complains about a classmate who is picking on him, his teacher allows him to come in from recess on bitterly cold days. D)When Priscilla answers a teacher's question incorrectly, Mike teases her unmercifully.

In the middle of a difficult exam, Robert tells his teacher that his stomach hurts, and the teacher immediately sends him to the school nurse.On several later occasions when he has a difficult test or assignment, Robert again tells his teacher that he does not feel well.Each time he is sent to the school nurse without completing his work.From an operant conditioning perspective, we can say that Robert is: A)being punished for complaining about his stomach. B)being negatively reinforced for complaining about his stomach. C)being intermittently reinforced for complaining about his stomach. D)developing an unconditioned response to complain.

Stacey dislikes physical education class because her classmates tease her about her lack of strength and coordination.One day Stacey unintentionally hits one of her classmates, and the teacher sends her to the principal's office for the remainder of the class time.Stacey becomes increasingly aggressive in class and therefore spends more and more time in the principal's office.From an operant conditioning perspective, we can explain this situation by saying that Stacey is: A)receiving a social reinforcer. B)being reinforced through the Premack Principle. C)being negatively reinforced for her aggression. D)generalizing her response to the principal's office.

Which of the following teachers best illustrates the concept of "discrimination"? A)Mr.Lemieux gives rewards each time a student holds a pencil when learning cursive writing B)Mr.Price removes one minute of recess time for each minute that students are out of their seats in class C)Ms.Wong stopped responding to Jim's bids for attention D)Mr.LaPierre uses a handclap in gym and in science class to elicit different responses

Six-year-old Julian has recently learned to appreciate the value of money, so his father assigns him some simple housekeeping chores to be performed throughout the week.He tells Julian that completion of these chores will earn him an allowance of one dollar every Saturday.Julian rarely completes his chores.From an operant conditioning perspective, which one of the following is most likely to be the reason why Julian is not doing his chores? A)Reinforcement is not immediate. B)Reinforcement is not contingent on the desired response. C)Money is not an effective reinforcer for most six-year-olds. D)The reinforcer is presented before the response.

If you wanted to encourage kindergartners to delay gratification, you would most likely: A)tell them that how well they behave at the end of the day is really what counts. B)ask them to focus on how good it feels to do something nice for a classmate. C)talk about how their learning efforts today will pay off in the years to come. D)occasionally remind them that they will get a bigger reward by waiting a couple of hours.

When applying the concept of terminal behaviour in teaching a lesson, you should: A)identify the things students should be able to do at the end of the lesson. B)identify the sequence in which you should teach various parts of the lesson. C)reward students who successfully complete the lesson. D)make sure all students have mastered the prerequisite skills on which the lesson depends.

Three of the following statements are considerations in using extinction.Which one is not? A)behaviour doesn't always decrease immediately once reinforcement is removed. B)positive behaviours are extinguishable. C)positive behaviours are easier to extinguish than negative ones. D)Some behaviours may not decrease after reinforcers are removed.

In Mr.Medeiros's classroom, students are given play money each time they turn in an assignment; they receive additional amounts of money if the assignment is turned in on time and if it is done correctly.At the end of each week, students can use their "money" to purchase special privileges (free time, special privileges, etc.).Mr.Medeiros' approach can best be characterized as: A)intermittent reinforcement. B)a group contingency. C)a token economy. D)a contingency contract.

What is the main difference between punishment and negative reinforcement? A)adding vs.subtracting an aversive. B)increase vs.decrease in frequency of response. C)more vs.less reinforcement. D)shaping vs.cueing a response.

Ms.Kwan has several students who are chronic misbehavers.She meets individually with each student, and together she and the student agree to a plan for improving the student's behaviour and a suitable reinforcement for appropriate behaviour change.Ms.Kwan is using: A)reinforcement of an incompatible behaviour. B)a contingency contract. C)self-reinforcement. D)self-monitoring. .

Which one of the following statements best represents the effectiveness of punishment? A)effectiveness is based on the individual. B)time outs are more effective than suspensions. C)psychological punishments are not effective for at-risk students. D)effective punishments always fit the crime.

Which one of the following illustrates all the necessary elements of a contingency contract? A)Mr.Osaka wants to reduce Penny's aggressive behaviours toward her classmates.He and Penny meet and discuss the problem, agreeing on the specific behaviours she should demonstrate and the reinforcers she will receive when she does so.They both sign a contract that describes the desired behaviours and the reinforcement. B)Ms.Quinn wants Ramon to learn to stay in his seat and complete his assignments during independent seatwork time.She makes up a contract for Ramon that describes the consequence he can expect if he does not behave appropriately.They both sign it, and she follows through with the consequence when he misbehaves. C)Mr.LeBlanc wants to help Trina learn to complete her homework in a more timely fashion.He has Trina write up a contract stating that she will complete her homework on time.She specifies the reinforcer she would like to receive each time she does so.Both teacher and student sign the contract, and Mr.LeBlanc reinforces Trina as she has requested. D)Ms.Enright develops a contract for her fifth graders that lists several classroom rules the students must agree to abide by.Each student signs the contract, thereby agreeing to the rules and acknowledging that there will be consequences when they disobey those rules.

Ms.Humphrey is concerned about Brian, a student in her high school chemistry class who rarely interacts with other students.Ms.Humphrey decides to smile at Brian on those occasions when she happens to notice him talking with another student.Yet after three weeks she sees little change in his behaviour.Based on this information, which one of the following is definitely wrong with Ms.Humphrey's approach? A)Brian has little to gain by changing his behaviour. B)Brian is receiving intermittent rather than continuous reinforcement. C)Social interaction is not an intrinsically reinforcing activity. D)A smile is not an effective reinforcer.

Which one of the following examples best illustrates the concept of baseline as behaviourists use the term? A)Dimitri is afraid of the school swimming pool after he almost drowned in it one day. B)Louisa likes the attention she gets from boys when she wears tight sweaters. C)Marsha starts copying her best friend's homework assignments regularly after she finds out that she gets better grades if she does so. D)Justin talks in class all the time, even though his teacher and classmates do nothing to encourage him.

Leonard rarely says nice things to anyone else.Using operant conditioning terminology, we can say that: A)Leonard's baseline for this behaviour is very low. B)Leonard will benefit only from intrinsic reinforcement for such behaviour. C)Leonard has little tolerance for such behaviour. D)Leonard's social skills are generalizing to a different situation.

Which one of the following best describes shaping? A)Reinforcement becomes increasingly stronger over time. B)Reinforcement is weaned away over time, until a student is doing something without being reinforced. C)The behaviour being reinforced changes over time so that it increasingly resembles the desired terminal behaviour. D)Praise is the only reinforcer used, and the specific things that are said to a student change as the student improves.

Mr.Joe wants a hyperactive boy to be able to sit quietly for at least 15 minutes at a time.To do this, he begins praising the boy for sitting still for one minute, then for two minutes, and then for four minutes, and so on.Mr.Joe's strategy reflects which one of the following concepts? A)shaping B)generalization C)intermittent reinforcement D)discrimination learning

Warren has earned himself a reputation for being the class clown.His teacher, Ms.Dafoe, used to laugh at Warren's funny remarks, but is now trying to discourage Warren's disruptive behaviour by ignoring his jokes.In spite of Ms.Dafoe's attempts to ignore Warren, Warren sometimes tells a joke so funny that Ms.Dafoe laughs in spite of herself.Rather than decreasing his joke-telling, Warren begins telling even more outrageous jokes.Inadvertently, Ms.Dafoe is modifying Warren's joke-telling behaviour through: A)punishment. B)extinction. C)shaping. D)negative reinforcement.

Lori has learned that when she wants to say something in class, she must raise her hand before doing so.At home, however, she speaks without ever raising her hand ahead of time.We can say that the classroom has become a(n) ____ for Lori's hand-raising behaviour. A)generalized stimulus B)antecedent stimulus C)positive stimulus D)negative reinforcer

Which one of the following statements best illustrates the process of cueing acceptable behaviours? A)"Does anyone know why Henry isn't in school today?" B)"Thank you, everyone, for following the format I asked you to use on your math papers.It makes them easier for me to grade." C)"Students who are sitting quietly will be the first ones to be dismissed." D)"Who is planning to try out for the school play after school today?"

Three of the following are recommendations for using punishment humanely.Which one is not? A)follow through with consequences. B)explain why punished behaviour is not acceptable. C)punishment and reinforcement should be separate. D)highlight that it is the behaviour that is unacceptable.

Oliver tells a tasteless joke at a party and gets a big laugh.The next day, he tells the same joke in class, thinking people will laugh.Instead, his teacher takes him aside after class and gives him a stern lecture about why he should not say such things about a particular ethnic group.In operant conditioning terminology, we could say that Oliver: A)has generalized from one situation to another inappropriately. B)is being shaped to tell tasteless jokes. C)is receiving negative reinforcement for his joke-telling behaviour. D)experiences a group contingency at the party, but not in class.

Mr.Nolan is concerned that students' attending will stop if he doesn't offer candy in class.What should Mr.Nolan do to maintain attention? A)use a continuous reinforcement schedule. B)use contingency contracts. C)use presentation punishment. D)use an intermittent reinforcement schedule.

A phenomenon in operant conditioning whereby an individual learns that a response is reinforced in the presence of one stimulus but not in the presence of another similar stimulus is called: A)cueing. B)discrimination. C)generalization. D)extinction.

Caleb continually blurts out the answers to Mr.Karowski's questions, to the point where other students rarely have a chance to respond.Mr.Karowski decides to ignore Caleb's behaviour, hoping that it will decrease if he does not pay attention to it.Mr.Karowski is applying the behaviourist principle of _________ in his treatment of Caleb. A)intermittent reinforcement B)extinction C)punishment D)incompatible behaviour

Sean is a high school student who seems angry most of the time.He often vents his anger by swearing at his teacher.One day his teacher decides to extinguish Sean's swearing by ignoring him whenever he swears.Yet over the next few weeks, Sean continues to swear as frequently as he always has.Three of the following are possible explanations as to why Sean's swearing is not decreasing.From an operant conditioning perspective, which one is not a likely explanation based on this information? A)Sean's swearing has previously been reinforced on an intermittent basis. B)Sean is being reinforced for swearing by means of the Premack Principle. C)Other students are reinforcing Sean's swearing. D)Swearing allows Sean to release pent-up anger, so he is being negatively reinforced.

Three of the following teacher behaviours illustrate cueing as a way of dealing with inappropriate behaviour.Which one does not illustrate cueing? A)A teacher moves closer to a student who may be cheating on an exam. B)A teacher puts her finger on her lips when the class gets too noisy. C)A teacher glares at a student who is reading a comic book instead of getting to work on an assignment. D)A teacher puts a student in time-out after the student insults a classmate.

Your class has just returned from lunch.Although all your students are in their seats, they are busily chattering and having difficulty focusing their attention on the next lesson.Which one of the following strategies is most consistent with the recommendations in the textbook regarding effective strategies for reducing undesirable behaviours? A)Ignore the behaviour and proceed with the lesson, assuming that your students will settle down within a few minutes. B)Ridicule those students who are talking the loudest. C)Let students know that their behaviour is unacceptable by flicking the light switch. D)Tell your students that if they do not settle down, you will give them a difficult homework assignment.

Which one of the following statements best characterizes how reinforcement of incompatible behaviour helps reduce inappropriate behaviour in the classroom? A)When we reinforce different students for different behaviours, they begin to discover which behaviours are appropriate and which are not. B)Negative reinforcement of an incompatible behaviour can ultimately reduce the frequency of that behaviour. C)An undesirable behaviour will decrease when the student is reinforced for behaving in an opposite manner. D)We can reduce serious behaviour problems by allowing students to engage in less serious misbehaviours.

Which one of the following is an example of reinforcing an incompatible behaviour as a way of eliminating an undesirable behaviour? A)Samantha is very shy and socially withdrawn.Her teacher reinforces her with a smile whenever she interacts with her classmates. B)Johnny's wisecracks have become so annoying that his teacher keeps him in from recess whenever he speaks inappropriately. C)Marlene has learned to reinforce herself whenever she gets all her spelling words correct. D)Jerry must stay after school on days when he arrives late.

Leah has been painting graffiti on the school walls after school hours.The school principal and the school counsellor discuss this problem and finally agree that they will try to eliminate Leah's graffiti-painting by asking her to chair a Clean-Up-The-School committee, then giving her school-wide recognition for her efforts.The counsellor is suggesting: A)cueing. B)reinforcement of an incompatible behaviour. C)presentation punishment. D)removal punishment.

Which one of the following is the best example of punishment as behaviourists define it? A)Kelly has been acting up in the classroom all year.Her teacher's frequent reprimands have not made much of a difference in Kelly's behaviour. B)William is a real distraction to his classmates, often burping in a way that makes other students laugh.His teacher places him in a corner where others cannot hear him burping. C)Whenever Yerif has trouble sitting still, his teacher has him run up and down the hall three times to release pent-up energy. D)After Lois spends a few minutes in the time-out room for hurting a classmate's feelings, she acts more compassionately toward that classmate in the future.

Ms.Smythe keeps Eric after school whenever he swears in class.Even though Eric has been kept after school each day for the past three weeks, his swearing has increased rather than decreased.Given what we know about the effects of punishment on behaviour, Ms.Smythe should probably conclude that: A)her punishment is only temporarily suppressing Eric's swearing. B)the punishment is too severe. C)Eric's swearing will decrease eventually. D)staying after school is reinforcing for Eric.

Punishment of a misbehaviour is justified: A)any time a behaviour interferes with other students' learning. B)when other disciplinary strategies have failed. C)when a student has exhibited the behaviour at least three times. D)when the behaviour hurts another student's feelings.

Which one of the following is described as a "group of procedures that systematically apply behaviourist principles"? A)Positive behaviour support. B)Applied behaviour analysis. C)Skinnerian psychology. D)Contingency training.

Tonya was scolded for submitting a messy math homework paper, so she tries to do her math problems more neatly since then.The scolding Tonya received is an example of: A)positive reinforcement. B)negative reinforcement. C)presentation punishment. D)removal punishment.

Jacob loses his best friend Tyler when he tattles on Tyler at recess.Jacob learns that tattling on friends is not a good idea.The loss of Tyler's friendship is an example of: A)positive reinforcement. B)negative reinforcement. C)presentation punishment. D)removal punishment.

George enjoys being on the debating team, but he is taken off the team when he inadvertently utters an obscene word during a debate.George's removal from the team is an example of: A)reinforcement of an incompatible behaviour. B)negative reinforcement. C)presentation punishment. D)removal punishment.

Lana wears bell-bottom pants to school, and her classmates tease her about them.As soon as she gets home, Lana throws the pants in the trash.The teasing is an example of: A)reinforcement of an incompatible behaviour. B)negative reinforcement. C)presentation punishment. D)removal punishment.

Only one of the following consequences has been shown to be an effective and appropriate punishment for most students.Which one? A)suspension from school B)scolding C)embarrassment in front of classmates D)extra homework

When Tabitha becomes verbally aggressive toward her peers, she is placed in a quiet and boring room for five minutes.The procedure being used here is most commonly known as: A)time-out. B)a logical consequence. C)response cost. D)a verbal reprimand.

In Mr.Marshall's classroom, students who acquire 20 points in one day can have a half hour of free time at the end of the day.Mr.Marshall awards points to his students for good behaviour and deducts points when they misbehave.The deduction of points for misbehaviour is known as: A)time-out.. B)a logical consequence. C)response cost. D)a verbal reprimand.

Which one of the following is the major reason why assigning extra schoolwork is not an appropriate punishment for classroom misbehaviour? A)It gives students the message that class work is an unpleasant task. B)It decreases the likelihood that students will do their assignments appropriately. C)It asks students to perform tasks without the scaffolding they need for completing those tasks successfully. D)It is negative reinforcement rather than punishment.

Three of the following are recommended practices when using punishment to reduce an inappropriate behaviour.Which one is not recommended? A)Punish the behaviour each time it occurs. B)Tell students ahead of time what behaviours are unacceptable and will result in punishment. C)Explain why a punished behaviour is unacceptable. D)Administer a student's punishment in front of classmates so they learn by example.

Which one of the following is most likely to maintain desirable classroom behaviour over the long run? A)a desire to please one's teacher B)a desire to please one's classmates C)enjoyment of classroom topics and activities D)positive feedback

Which one of the following statements most accurately describes intermittent reinforcement? A)A reinforcement becomes stronger over time. B)A primary reinforcer is used at first, but it is gradually replaced by a secondary reinforcer. C)A particular response is reinforced on some occasions but not others. D)One response is reinforced for a while, then another response is reinforced, then another, and so on, over a period of several weeks or months.

Ms.O'Connor reinforces James every time she sees him reading independently.Once he is reading on a regular basis, she begins to reinforce him only every second time, then only every third time, and so on, gradually reinforcing him less and less often.From an operant conditioning perspective, we can predict that James will: A)continue to read independently. B)read less and less often. C)read only when he is coerced to do so. D)stop reading altogether.

At the beginning of the school year, Mr.Webber is concerned that Fran rarely does her independent seatwork.He begins praising Fran for each seatwork assignment she completes, and by January she is completing her assignments regularly.To make sure that the behaviour continues in the years to come, what would operant conditioning theorists tell Mr.Webber to do now? A)praise her more often than before B)praise her for only some of her completed assignments C)punish her when she does not complete an assignment D)switch from a social reinforcer to the Premack Principle

Terry and David have both learned that when they whine and complain, their teacher will hurry over to see what is wrong.Terry's teacher gives him attention every time he complains.However, David's teacher gives him attention only on some of the occasions he complains.Both teachers eventually realize that they are reinforcing the boys for inappropriate behaviour, and so they both stop attending to them when they whine and complain.From an operant conditioning perspective, we can predict that: A)both boys will whine and complain even more than before. B)both boys will stop their whining and complaining almost immediately. C)David's complaining will decrease more rapidly than Terry's. D)Terry's complaining will decrease more rapidly than David's.

Traditional Applied Behaviour Analysis focuses on: A)examining the functions of behaviour. B)providing functionally equivalent behaviour. C)examining antecedents of behaviour. D)changing response-reinforcement contingencies.

Research studies indicate that applied behaviour analysis techniques: A)lead to significant improvements in both academic achievement and social skills. B)promote improvement in academic achievement but not in social skills. C)promote improvement in social skills but not in academic achievement. D)have little long-term effect on students' classroom performance.

According to your textbook, Positive Behaviour Support is: A)a humane approach to punishment B)a method to identify the purpose of and alternatives to undesirable behaviour C)a method to modify antecedents D)too complex to employ in a regular classroom

Vanessa frequently complains of getting terrible headaches and so ends up at the nurse's office several times a week.Yet two different physicians have been unable to find a cause for Vanessa's headaches, and Vanessa's parents report that their daughter rarely has headaches at home.Vanessa is falling further and further behind in her schoolwork, so Vanessa's teacher and parents meet with the nurse and school psychologist to brainstorm possible solutions to Vanessa's problem.The school psychologist suggests that the teacher keep track of the occasions when Vanessa complains about a headache.Two weeks later, the teacher reports that all of Vanessa's complaints occur just before a test or difficult assignment.Suddenly the teacher and parents begin to suspect that perhaps Vanessa complains of headaches as a way of getting out of difficult schoolwork.Here we see the initial steps in a process known as: A)the use of incompatible behaviours. B)functional analysis. C)positive behavioural support. D)extinction of inappropriate behaviour.

Three of the following are potential limitations of behavioural approaches.Which one is not? A)external reinforcement is unrelated to learning B)extrinsic reinforcement may undermine learning C)important cognitive factors are excluded D)learning is more complex than behaviourism suggests

According to behavioural techniques, what is the purpose of teaching skills in real-world contexts and in using role play? A)scaffolding B)shaping C)generalization D)positive behavioural support

Behaviourist theories share a number of common underlying assumptions.Describe three assumptions that behaviourists make and the implication of each one for classroom practice.

The fire alarm sounded during music class and Jean, a fifth grader who has autism and is sensitive to loud noises (they cause him pain), is now refusing to go to music even though it is generally his favourite subject.Explain this situation in terms of classical conditioning, identifying the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR.How might Jean's teacher begin to remedy this situation so that Jean can enjoy his favourite subject again?

In each of the following situations, a student either is learning or has learned something.(1) Classify each of the situations as involving either classical or operant conditioning.(2) Defend your answer by analyzing the situation within the context of the learning paradigm you have chosen. a.When Joseph begins running down the hall toward the cafeteria, his teacher asks him to walk instead.Joseph begins walking, and the teacher gives him a smile.After that, Joseph always makes sure that he walks rather than runs to the cafeteria. b.Ronald's friend offers him an illegal drug.Ronald takes the drug and finds that it makes him feel great.Ronald begins to buy the drug himself and takes it more and more frequently. c.Leanne is a bright, capable girl.Once when she was sick, she failed an important test.Now she is very anxious whenever she takes a test.

Distinguish among positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, presentation punishment, and removal punishment.Give a concrete example of each.

Greg has terrible study habits: whenever he is given an assignment to be done either in class or at home, he does not begin the assignment until he has been repeatedly nagged by either you (his teacher) or by his parents.Furthermore, Greg seems unable to complete assignments without constant prodding to stay on task.Explain how you might use operant conditioning to help Greg develop better study habits.Be concrete and specific in your explanation of what you would do, and be sure to include: a.the baseline; b.the terminal behaviour; c.a secondary reinforcer you might use; d.shaping; and, e.some means of preventing extinction.

A girl in your classroom rarely interacts with her classmates.She is obviously quite lonely but apparently has no confidence in her ability to make friends.Using an operant conditioning perspective, describe how you might help the girl develop social skills through shaping.In your discussion, be sure to include: a.the specific behaviour(s) you would shape; b.a specific reinforcer you might use, and why; and, c.the sequence of steps you might take as you shape the desired behaviour.

Imagine that you are a first-year teacher of the third grade.Describe four ways that you would use operant conditioning to promote positive classroom behaviours.Provide examples.

Ursula is always getting out of her seat at inappropriate times.You scold her every time she does this, but her behaviour seems to be getting worse. a.From an operant conditioning perspective, why is Ursula's getting-out-of-seat behaviour increasing rather than decreasing? b.How might you decrease her behaviour by reinforcing an incompatible behaviour? Describe your procedure in detail, specifying the reinforcer and the behaviour you will reinforce.

In each of the following situations, a person is learning through either reinforcement or punishment.Classify each situation as involving one of these four consequences: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, presentation punishment, or removal punishment.Then explain why you chose the answer you did. a.Because Danielle fails her math class, she is taken off the school dance squad. b.Jonah always does his homework assignments as soon as he gets them so he will not have to worry about them anymore. c.Leslie and Beth are giggling together in the back of the classroom.Their teacher scowls at them.They are embarrassed and stop their giggling. d.A teacher finds that by yelling at her students when they get too rowdy, they will settle down and be quiet for a while.(Focus on the teacher.)

Dean is continually fighting with other children.Devise a plan to eliminate the fighting by using a combination of both reinforcement of incompatible behaviour and punishment.In your discussion, be sure to explain: a.the incompatible behaviour(s) you will reinforce; b.the reinforcer you will use, and why; and, c.the punishment you will use, and why.

In Canada many students with autism are instructed within a strict Applied Behavioural Analysis Model.Describe the components of ABA as well as the potential limitations of this behavioural approach.