Question 1

Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? Explain why you think so. ʺProteins are the only biomolecules capable of catalyzing bond formation.ʺ

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Question 2

Speculate why the half-life of mRNA is short, while the half-lives of rRNA and tRNA are long.

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Question 3

You are trying to design a protein that will be expressed in Escherichia coli and secreted outside of the cell for purification and use as a pharmaceutical. E. coli is a gram-negative cell and the protein folds after it has exited the cell. Which secretion system would work best for this project? Support your answer with evidence based on the properties of E. coli, the protein, and the secretion system.

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Question 4

Explain the process of RNA transcription using the terms upstream, Pribnow box, and consensus sequence.

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Question 5

Speculate on why it can be problematic to copy and express genes from Bacteria into Eukarya.

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Question 6

Explain the difference between an intrinsic terminator and a Rho-dependent termination site.

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Question 7

Discuss how the initiation of DNA synthesis occurs in bacteria using the terms origin of replication, replication fork, and theta structures.

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Question 8

Explain the role of sigma factors in RNA synthesis in Bacteria.

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Question 9

Explain the concept of semiconservative replication and how simultaneous copying of both strands of DNA is accomplished in prokaryotic cells.

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Question 10

Explain why GC-rich DNA requires a higher temperature to denture or melt than AT-rich DNA and hypothesize as to why the GC content of chromosomes in microorganisms from different environments varies widely.

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Question 11

What is the basic flow of genetic information in all cellular life? Include in your answer a diagram that illustrates the relationships between the basic components and steps in the flow of genetic information.

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Question 12

You isolate a piece of DNA from a microorganism you cultivated from your teeth. The piece of DNA is 94 kbp in size and is circular. You sequence it and discover that it contains genes for capsule formation, pili, and antibiotic resistance, as well as an origin of replication. What is this piece of DNA and how is it related to the other genetic elements found in prokaryotic cells?

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Question 13

The following is the sequence of bases in the sense strand of a DNA segment and contains the beginning of a gene.
DNA 3ʹ A T A T T A C C A G G C A T G G A C C C C C G G G 5ʹ
Based on this sequence, write the sequence of the anti-sense DNA strand and the mRNA. Label the 5ʹ and 3ʹ ends in your predicted sequences. The start codon in this organism is AUG. Indicate where the start codon is in your sequence. Why is the start codon important? Why does there have to be a specific start codon?

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Question 14

Explain the function of the helicases and why they are necessary.

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Question 15

Throughout the living world, the genetic code is generally universal; however, there are slight variations.

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While the genetic code is generally universal, there are some variations such as in mitochondrial DNA and in certain organisms such as bacteria and archaea.

Question 16

Explain the difference between transcription and translation and how the processes differ in bacteria and eukaryotes.

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Question 17

Explain how Escherichia coli can grow with a doubling time of 20 minutes when chromosome replication takes 40 minutes.

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Question 18

How is an open reading frame (ORF) identified and used to determine the sequence of amino acids in the gene it encodes for?

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Question 19

DNA replication involves the synthesis of an RNA primer on one strand of the DNA.

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DNA replication involves the synthesis of an RNA primer on one strand of the DNA by the enzyme primase, which provides a starting point for the DNA polymerase to begin extending the DNA chain.

Question 20

Some essential genes and DNA sequences in cells do NOT encode for proteins but are still essential for cellular growth and replication. Give two examples of a gene or sequence of which this is TRUE and explain why it is essential for growth or replication.

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Quiz 4: Molecular Information Flow and Protein Processing