Question 1

Which of the following was found in Suh's (2002) research on self-consistency in Koreans and Americans?
A) Koreans describe themselves more similarly across situations than do Americans.
B) Koreans who are more consistent across situations have lower subjective well-being than Koreans who are less consistent.
C) Consistency is positively associated with likability in the United States but not in Korea.
D) Both Americans and Koreans who are more consistent also display better social skills.
E) Americans who are more consistent across situations are viewed as less authentic than Americans who are less consistent.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following was found in...

Question 2

Ji-yoo's culture emphasizes an incremental theory of the self.As a teacher, Ji-yoo wants to create exams that reflect this theory of self and are thus consistent with the expectations of her students.What types of exams should she create?
A) very challenging exams that measure innate aptitudes.
B) slightly challenging exams that measure innate aptitudes.
C) very challenging exams that measure study habits.
D) slightly challenging exams that measure study habits.
E) easy exams that measure both innate aptitudes and study habits.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ji-yoo's culture emphasizes an incremental theory of...

Question 3

You work for an international charity foundation and are in charge of seeking donations from Americans and Poles.Based on Cialdini's (1999) research on the importance of consistency with the self and with peers, which of the following would you use to secure the most donations from the two populations?
A) Remind both Americans and Poles of their past donations.
B) Remind Americans of their peers' donations but remind Poles of their past donations.
C) Remind Americans of their past donations but remind Poles of their peers' donations.
D) Remind both Americans and Poles of their peers' donations.
E) Ask Americans for more money because they like to donate more than Poles do.

Accepted Answer

Cialdini's research suggests that Americans are more influenced by their own past behavior (consistency with the self), while Poles are more influenced by the behavior of their peers (consistency with peers).

Question 4

Both Brianna, an American college student, and her Japanese classmate Yoshi are slated to give presentations in their cultural psychology class tomorrow.Tonight, they want privacy, so they are practicing their speeches in their rooms alone.Given that public speaking heightens one's sense of objective self-awareness, how do you expect both students to react when practicing their presentations alone versus when presenting in front of their classmates?
A) Both Brianna and Yoshi will be more critical of their public performance than their private performance.
B) Brianna will be more critical of her public (versus private) performance but Yoshi will be more critical of her private (versus public) performance.
C) Brianna will be more critical of her private (versus public) performance but Yoshi will be more critical of her public (versus private) performance.
D) Brianna will be more critical of her public (versus private) performance but Yoshi will be critical of both performances.
E) Brianna will be critical of both performances but Yoshi will be more critical of her public (versus private) performance.

Accepted Answer

Brianna, being American, is likely to be more self-critical in public due to heightened objective self-awareness. Yoshi, coming from a collectivist culture, may be critical in both settings due to cultural emphasis on self-improvement and social harmony.

Question 5

Ava, an American, and her roommate Suzumi, who is from Japan, are shopping together at the mall.Both women only have enough money to purchase one item.Based on what you know about cultural influences on cognitive dissonance, which of the following statements most accurately describes how these women will feel after they make their purchase?
A) Both Ava and Suzumi are likely to experience dissonance after purchasing a product for themselves.
B) Both Ava and Suzumi are likely to experience dissonance after purchasing a product as a gift for a friend.
C) Ava is likely to experience dissonance after purchasing a product for herself, but Suzumi will likely experience dissonance after purchasing a product as a gift for a friend.
D) Ava is likely to experience dissonance after purchasing a product as a gift for a friend, but Suzumi will likely experience dissonance after purchasing a product for herself.
E) Neither Ava nor Suzumi is likely to experience cognitive dissonance after making this purchase.

Accepted Answer

Cultural influences on cognitive dissonance suggest that individualistic cultures (like the U.S.) may experience more dissonance when making personal choices, whereas collectivist cultures (like Japan) may experience more dissonance when making choices that affect others, such as buying a gift.

Question 6

Which of the following accurately lists the five personality traits that make up the five-factor model of personality?
A) openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, negativity
B) openness to experience, capability, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
C) openness to experience, curiosity, extraversion, agreeableness, negativity
D) openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
E) openness to experience, conscientiousness, enthusiasm, agreeableness, neuroticism

Accepted Answer

The five-factor model of personality, also known as the Big Five, consists of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Question 7

Sandy is a talented knitter with years of experience, who enjoys knitting gifts for her friends and co-workers.With their encouragement, Sandy decides to create a series of instructional knitting videos.However, once the video camera is pointed at her, she worries if her knitting is good enough and whether anyone will want to watch her videos given that there are so many other, possibly better, instructional videos available.Which of the following most accurately characterizes what Sandy is experiencing?
A) an increase in subjective self-awareness
B) an increase in objective self-awareness
C) an increase in independent view of self
D) an increase in interdependent view of self
E) an increase in self-consistency

Accepted Answer

Sandy is experiencing an increase in objective self-awareness, which occurs when individuals become the objects of their own attention, leading them to evaluate and compare their behavior to internal standards and perceived societal expectations. In this case, Sandy becomes acutely aware of how she might be perceived by others when the camera is on her, leading to doubts about her knitting skills and the uniqueness of her instructional videos.

Question 8

Yuan, a Chinese mother, and Alexis, a European Canadian mother, both decided to read their children's diaries.How might the memories of Yuan's child differ from the memories of Alexis's child?
A) Yuan's child has more positive memories than Alexis's child, if the memories include other people.
B) The memories of Alexis's child have more third-person imagery than the memories of Yuan's child.
C) The memories of Yuan's child seem to be more consistent and similar to each other than the memories of Alexis's child.
D) The memories of Alexis's child seem to be filled with scenarios in which he is by himself.
E) The memories of Yuan's child have more third-person imagery than the memories of Alexis's child.

Accepted Answer

Cultural differences often influence memory. In collectivist cultures like China, memories may include more third-person imagery and social context, reflecting a focus on group and relationships.

Question 9

Which of the following people is taking an outside-in perspective on the self?
A) Lily, who perceives herself as smart after learning that her roommates saw her all-A's report card.
B) Lori, who perceives herself as a hard worker after studying through the night for her organic chemistry exam.
C) Liam, who perceives himself as athletic after breaking his previous record on the 200-meter spring.
D) Leo, who perceives himself as helpful after spending the day cleaning his grandmother's house.
E) Liu, who perceives himself as kind after nursing an injured cat back to good health.

Accepted Answer

Lily is taking an outside-in perspective on the self because she is basing her self-perception (seeing herself as smart) on how she believes others perceive her, which is indicated by their awareness of her all-A's report card.

Question 10

Your friend Satoshi is writing a personal statement for a scholarship application and he wants to make sure he is sufficiently highlighting his excellent academic record and personal qualities.You recall from your cultural psychology textbook a study showing that Japanese individuals' self-descriptions tend to vary across different situations.Consequently, you advise Satoshi to write his personal statement
A) in his professor's office with the professor present.
B) at the library when sitting next to another student in his class.
C) in the dining hall when 10-20 people are present.
D) in the cafeteria when 20-50 people are present.
E) in his dorm room alone.

Accepted Answer

Cultural psychology suggests that context can significantly influence self-perception and behavior. Japanese individuals, influenced by interdependent cultural norms, may present themselves differently in social settings to maintain harmony and group cohesion. Writing alone in his dorm room minimizes social pressures and allows for more authentic self-reflection and expression, which is crucial for a personal statement.

Question 11

Cultures that tend to encourage self-consistency also tend to support the belief that success comes from
A) hard work.
B) innate abilities.
C) luck.
D) social support.
E) self-reflection.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cultures that tend to encourage self-consistency also...

Question 12

Regional similarities in personality are found when studying the different geographic regions of the United States.These similarities may occur because
A) most people live their lives in the same region and do not move.
B) people influence each other through their daily interactions.
C) people with different personalities are shunned and either move away or change their personality.
D) of the reference group effect.
E) people in these regions mature in similar ways.

Accepted Answer

People influence each other through their daily interactions.

Question 13

Your friend recently entered a few chess competitions but lost them all badly.Which of the following statements is he most likely to make if he possesses an entity theory of self?
A) "I can put in a lot of work to overcome my weaknesses."
B) "I lost because I have bad luck."
C) "I just wasn't born with the 'chess gene.'"
D) "I should review video of my matches to identify my mistakes."
E) "I think my competitor cheated."

Accepted Answer

An entity theory of self suggests that individuals believe their abilities and traits are fixed and cannot be changed. Therefore, if your friend possesses an entity theory of self, he is most likely to attribute his losses to innate, unchangeable factors, such as not being born with the natural talent for chess, as indicated in option C.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about the Big Five model of personality is FALSE?
A) These five personality traits are largely uncorrelated with one another.
B) As people age, they tend to become more neurotic.
C) All personality attributes should be significantly correlated with at least one of the Big Five personality traits.
D) As people age, they tend to become more agreeable.
E) Factor analysis led to the emergence of the five underlying personality traits.

Accepted Answer

The statement that as people age, they tend to become more neurotic is false. Research generally shows that neuroticism tends to decrease with age, while traits like agreeableness and conscientiousness tend to increase.

Question 15

You have saved up a lot of money over the last few years and have decided to travel the world.In interacting with people from different cultures all over the world, which of the following are you most likely to find?
A) The Big Five explains personality adequately everywhere but does especially well explaining personality in the West.
B) The Big Five only emerges reliably in cultures characterized by independent views of self.
C) You find that the only trait that emerges reliably across all cultures is neuroticism.
D) The only trait of the Big Five that does not emerge reliably across cultures is neuroticism.
E) Western cultures have a number of personality factors in addition to the Big Five that are not found in cultures characterized by interdependent views of self.

Accepted Answer

The Big Five personality traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) are a widely accepted framework for understanding personality. Research has shown that these traits are relatively universal, but they are particularly well articulated and studied within Western cultures. This means that while the Big Five can be used to describe personalities across different cultures, the framework is most robust and has been most thoroughly researched and applied in Western contexts.

Question 16

In Marshall's culture, maintaining self-consistency is an important sign of authenticity.Consequently, Marshall tries to think and act similarly across different situations and across time.Given what you know about Marshall's culture, you can also expect that he will
A) regularly experience objective self-awareness.
B) regularly experience subjective self-awareness.
C) possess an entity theory of the self.
D) possess an incremental theory of the self.
E) be a very conscientious person.

Accepted Answer

Possessing an entity theory of the self aligns with the importance of self-consistency in Marshall's culture. This theory suggests that personal characteristics are fixed, which supports the idea of acting and thinking similarly across different situations and time.

Question 17

Someone with an incremental theory of the self
A) thinks that he or she could be a different person in the future.
B) thinks his or her traits are central to his or her identity.
C) is very high on the need to have self-consistency.
D) is more likely than entity theorists to be low on neuroticism.
E) makes a very weak distinction between the ingroup and the outgroup.

Accepted Answer

Someone with an incremental theory of the self believes that personal attributes and abilities can change and develop over time, which aligns with the idea of being a different person in the future.

Question 18

Participants are sitting in their own separate testing rooms and have been asked to write statements about what they think about themselves.After a while, a mirror mysteriously appears on the wall in each room.How much do their self-descriptions written before and after the mirror appeared differ?
A) Participants from all cultures became more self-critical after the mirror appeared.
B) American participants viewed themselves more positively before the mirror appeared and Japanese participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror appeared.
C) American participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror appeared and Japanese participants viewed themselves more positively after the mirror appeared.
D) American participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror appeared but Japanese participants did not change their views after the mirror appeared.
E) Participants from all cultures viewed themselves more positively after the mirror appeared.

Accepted Answer

American participants tend to become more self-critical when a mirror is present, reflecting a heightened self-awareness. Japanese participants, however, often maintain consistent self-perceptions regardless of the mirror's presence due to cultural differences in self-awareness and self-criticism.

Question 19

Foot-in-the-door is a persuasion technique whereby the requester makes a relatively small request of a target.Once the target says yes, the requester will make more, and incrementally more costly, requests.This works because people are motivated to be self-consistent.Your friend is a big fan of this technique, and thinks that this sales tactic is equally effective everywhere, no matter where he goes.Is this true based on the research of Cialdini and colleagues (1999)?
A) Yes, there are no cultural differences in need for self-consistency, only peer-consistency.
B) Yes, susceptibility to the foot-in-the-door technique is an accessibility universal.
C) No, the foot-in-the-door technique would work better in the United States than in Poland.
D) No, the foot-in-the-door technique would work better in collectivistic cultures than individualistic cultures.
E) No, susceptibility to the foot-in-the-door technique is a cultural invention.

Accepted Answer

Research by Cialdini and colleagues (1999) found that the foot-in-the-door technique is more effective in cultures that place a higher value on self-consistency, such as the United States, compared to cultures like Poland where other factors may influence compliance to a greater extent. This indicates that cultural differences do impact the effectiveness of the foot-in-the-door technique.

Question 20

You are considering asking your Japanese friend Hideaki for some help with studying for your final exams and you want to ensure that your request is effective.Given what you know about cultural influences on cognitive dissonance, what information could you include in your request to increase the likelihood that Hideaki will agree to help?
A) "Chemistry is your favorite subject."
B) "Our mutual friend Daisuke would help if he were here."
C) "I don't expect you to say yes, but I hope you will."
D) "It will make you feel really good about yourself to help another person."
E) "I will pay you $15 an hour to help me study."

Accepted Answer

The answer of You are considering asking your Japanese friend...

Quiz 6: Motivation

Which of the following was found in Suh's (2002) research on self-consistency in Koreans and Americans?

Ji-yoo's culture emphasizes an incremental theory of the self.As a teacher, Ji-yoo wants to create exams that reflect this theory of self and are thus consistent with the expectations of her students.What types of exams should she create?

Which of the following accurately lists the five personality traits that make up the five-factor model of personality?

Yuan, a Chinese mother, and Alexis, a European Canadian mother, both decided to read their children's diaries.How might the memories of Yuan's child differ from the memories of Alexis's child?

Which of the following people is taking an outside-in perspective on the self?

Cultures that tend to encourage self-consistency also tend to support the belief that success comes from

Regional similarities in personality are found when studying the different geographic regions of the United States.These similarities may occur because

Your friend recently entered a few chess competitions but lost them all badly.Which of the following statements is he most likely to make if he possesses an entity theory of self?

Which of the following statements about the Big Five model of personality is FALSE?

You have saved up a lot of money over the last few years and have decided to travel the world.In interacting with people from different cultures all over the world, which of the following are you most likely to find?

In Marshall's culture, maintaining self-consistency is an important sign of authenticity.Consequently, Marshall tries to think and act similarly across different situations and across time.Given what you know about Marshall's culture, you can also expect that he will

Someone with an incremental theory of the self

Participants are sitting in their own separate testing rooms and have been asked to write statements about what they think about themselves.After a while, a mirror mysteriously appears on the wall in each room.How much do their self-descriptions written before and after the mirror appeared differ?