Question 1

Research conducted on East and West Germany found that
A) West Germans employed more secondary control strategies than did East Germans.
B) although they had fewer choices available to them, East Germans were happier than West Germans.
C) East Germans preferred having choices made for them by their governments, whereas West Germans preferred having choices made for them by their families.
D) East Germans showed more achievement motivation than West Germans.
E) East Germans displayed more behaviors associated with learned helplessness than West Germans.

Accepted Answer

Research found that East Germans displayed more behaviors associated with learned helplessness than West Germans, likely due to the restrictive and controlled environment they experienced under the East German government.

Question 2

After studying abroad for a semester, Jing is excited to return home to China and reconnect with her friends.She wants to ensure that her friends still view her positively.What should Jing do to maintain face with her friends?
A) Brag to her friends about all the academic opportunities and awards she received while studying abroad.
B) Compliment her friends a lot by drawing attention to their positive qualities.
C) Talk positively about China and negatively about her experiences while studying abroad.
D) Demonstrate her high social status by purchasing and wearing name brand clothing.
E) View herself positively: If she is self-confident, her friends will notice her positive qualities.

Accepted Answer

The answer of After studying abroad for a semester, Jing...

Question 3

As a member of his college debate team, Marvin's goal is the same as his teammate's goal: to win! In preparation for a major competition, Marvin's coach institutes several rules that will help the team members focus, including a rule to abstain from drinking alcohol the night before the competition.If Marvin is from a collectivist culture, how will he most likely respond to this rule?
A) "It is unfair for the coach to dictate how I can and can't behave."
B) "I had no say in this rule, so I won't obey it."
C) "I don't like another person making a decision for me."
D) "I appreciate my coach's help and agree that this rule will help me focus."
E) "I don't mind following this rule since I know that what benefits the team ultimately benefits me too."

Accepted Answer

In collectivist cultures, individuals often prioritize group goals over personal desires, so Marvin is likely to appreciate rules that benefit the team.

Question 4

As you recall, researchers have conducted a number of studies examining how people from the United States and India experience choice differently.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding these research findings?
A) Relative to North Americans, Indians report that they have less free choice in their lives.
B) Relative to North Americans, Indians respond less negatively when they are prevented from making their own choices.
C) Relative to North Americans, Indians are more likely to go along with the advice they received from someone else.
D) Relative to North Americans, choices made by Indians are guided less by personal preferences and more by an authority figure's expectations.
E) Relative to North Americans, Indians perceive themselves as making more choices, even in research studies where the two groups receive the same number of opportunities to make choices.

Accepted Answer

The incorrect statement is E because research generally shows that people from collectivist cultures, like India, perceive themselves as having fewer choices compared to those from individualistic cultures, like the United States, not more. This is due to cultural differences in the perception of individual autonomy and societal norms.

Question 5

Several real estate agents have been convicted of several counts of real estate fraud.The most plausible reaction from American and Japanese news outlets will be that Japanese newspapers are likelier than American ones to
A) recommend strong punishment of the agents.
B) view the real estate companies to be at fault.
C) predict similar events will happen in the future.
D) remove their assets from the companies involved.
E) perceive the agents as having exercised choice.

Accepted Answer

Japanese culture often emphasizes collective responsibility, so Japanese news outlets are more likely to view the real estate companies as being at fault rather than focusing solely on individual agents.

Question 6

Which of the following is the best example of primary control?
A) You and your friends decide as a group to spend a day at the amusement park.
B) You choose to paint your house yellow after your partner tells you about her strong preference for yellow.
C) You cook spaghetti and meatballs because your parents are in town and it is their favorite dish.
D) You return a computer game to the local computer store because it did not excite you as much as you had hoped.
E) You buy a dog as a pet because you are allergic to cats.

Accepted Answer

Primary control involves changing the environment to fit one's desires or needs. Returning a computer game because it did not meet your expectations is an example of altering the environment to suit personal preferences.

Question 7

Charlotte, an American student from the United States, and her friend Chanda, who is from India, are talking with each other about their college academic advisors.They realize that they have both received the same advice from their advisors: they should take more statistics courses than their major requires.Given what you know about cultural influences on choice, how is each woman likely to respond to her advisor's advice?
A) Charlotte: "My advisor is only saying this because it will benefit her and the college if I spend more money on extra coursework"; Chanda: "My advisor is helping me be more competitive for graduate school by sharing this strategy."
B) Charlotte: "I'm going to follow this advice even though I don't like it because it is too much work"; Chanda: "I'm going to follow this advice because I like this advice: It will enhance my skills."
C) Charlotte: "If I follow this advice it will help me improve my critical thinking skills"; Chanda: "If I follow this advice it will limit my ability to hone other skills in other courses."
D) Charlotte: "I am going to follow this advice because I don't have much experience making academic choices on my own"; Chanda: " I am not going to follow this advice because it differs from my personal preferences."
E) Charlotte: "I trust that my advisor is providing this advice because she knows what is best for me"; Chanda: "I worry that my advisor is only providing this advice because that is what the university wants her to say."

Accepted Answer

The answer of Charlotte, an American student from the United...

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of secondary control?
A) You work hard at your studies in the beginning of the term so you do not have such a busy time at the end of the term.
B) You try to convince your friends that they should move their planned hiking trip to the following weekend because that would fit better with your schedule.
C) You convince yourself that taking the bus to work is not so bad after all.
D) You return the sweater that you just bought because you decide it does not look good on you.
E) You start showing up at work before your boss does in an effort to get a raise.

Accepted Answer

Secondary control involves adjusting one's attitudes or beliefs as a way to deal with situations, rather than taking direct action to change the situation itself. Convincing oneself that taking the bus is not so bad is an example of changing one's attitude towards a situation rather than changing the situation itself.

Question 9

You are a teacher who assesses your students' science knowledge by having them play one of many science games available on the computer, so you want them to take this task seriously.Your class is comprised of Asian American and European American children.How will you maximize their motivation to play these science games?
A) Allow all the children to choose the game they want.
B) Let other classmates choose the game for the Asian American students but let the European American students choose for themselves.
C) Let the mothers of the Asian American children choose the game for them and let the classmates of the European American children choose for them.
D) Let the European American students choose for themselves and ask students from another school to choose for the Asian American students.
E) Let both the European American and the Asian American parents choose for their children.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that Asian American students may be more motivated when choices are made by trusted authority figures or peers, while European American students often prefer personal choice.

Question 10

According to Kim and Markus's (1999) study, working-class Americans liked the pen they were given, regardless of whether they chose it or not, unlike upper-middle-class Americans, who much preferred the pen that they chose.This can be explained by
A) upper-middle-class Americans scoring higher on entity theory of the world than working-class Americans.
B) working-class Americans engaging in more secondary control than upper-middle-class Americans.
C) working-class Americans having more of a promotion orientation than upper-middle-class Americans.
D) upper-middle-class Americans having more of a prevention orientation than working-class Americans.
E) working-class Americans wanting to save face more than upper-middle-class Americans.

Accepted Answer

Working-class Americans engage in more secondary control, which involves adjusting oneself to the situation or context, rather than trying to change the situation to fit one's preferences. This explains why they liked the pen they were given, regardless of choice, in contrast to upper-middle-class Americans who preferred the pen they chose, reflecting a desire to assert control over their environment.

Question 11

In Western cultures, ________.In East Asian cultures, ________.
A) individuals are viewed as more changeable than the social world; the social world is viewed as more changeable than individuals.
B) the social world is viewed as more changeable than are individuals; individuals are viewed as more changeable than the social world.
C) individuals and the social world are viewed as similarly changeable; the social world is viewed as more changeable than individuals.
D) individuals and the social world are viewed as similarly changeable; individuals are viewed as more changeable than the social world.
E) the social world is viewed as more changeable than are individuals; individuals and the social world are viewed as similarly changeable.

Accepted Answer

In Western cultures, there is a stronger emphasis on the individual and personal agency, leading to the perception that individuals can change more easily than the social world. In contrast, East Asian cultures often emphasize social harmony and the collective, leading to the view that the social world is more malleable than the individuals within it.

Question 12

Helen has lived in an Eastern, collectivistic culture her entire life.Which of the following statements about Helen is consistent with your knowledge of cultural influences on primary and secondary control?
A) When Helen and her friends disagree about what movies to watch or restaurants to visit, Helen feels compelled to go along with her friends' wishes and ends up feeling frustrated and unhappy.
B) When Helen was a child, her mother gave her a lot of opportunities to choose how they would spend their day and what food they would eat for dinner.
C) Although Helen likes yoga more than aerobics, she signs up for an aerobics class because sessions are held at night, which is a more convenient time for her to attend.
D) Helen remembers several instances when she agrees to do her roommate's chores, but she does not recall being able to persuade her roommate to assist her with her own chores.
E) At work, Helen stands out as a leader: She inspires her team to devote a lot of time and energy to their projects so they are completed on time.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Helen has lived in an Eastern, collectivistic...

Question 13

A person is building a road to connect two towns, but the road is stopped by a mountain.The person can either build the road so that it follows the side of the mountain and continues on from the other side or simply tunnel through the mountain.This person decides that people should not be pushed around by nature and so decides to tunnel through the mountain.Which of the following terms best describes this way of thinking?
A) secondary control
B) self-enhancement
C) maintaining face
D) entity theory of the world
E) incremental theory of the world

Accepted Answer

The answer of A person is building a road to...

Question 14

One frozen yogurt parlor has 10 flavors from which to choose (Parlor X.and another parlor has more than 100 (Parlor Z).You ask people to choose which one they want to patronize.Which of the following is most indicative of people's preferences, given the research on choices as described in the textbook?
A) Americans, like people from other Western cultures, will always prefer to go to Parlor Z.
B) Europeans will prefer Parlor Z more than Americans do.
C) Although Americans may say that they prefer Parlor Z, in fact they will have a more difficult time choosing a flavor from Parlor Z than from Parlor X.
D) Americans will prefer it if their significant others choose for them.
E) Europeans will have no preference for either parlor.

Accepted Answer

Research on choices has shown that while people believe they prefer to have more options, having too many choices can actually make the decision-making process more difficult and less satisfying. This phenomenon, known as "choice overload," suggests that Americans may say they prefer Parlor Z for its variety, but in reality, they might find it harder to choose from a larger selection, as indicated in option C.

Question 15

When studying socioeconomic influences on choice, researchers hypothesize that working-class adults will perceive and experience choice differently than upper-middle-class adults.What is the rationale for this hypothesis?
A) Because of their relatively lower income, working-class (versus upper-middle-class) adults experience fewer opportunities to make choices and more situations where there are constraints on their personal choices.
B) Because of their relatively lower income, working-class (versus upper-middle-class) adults care less about making choices in daily life.
C) Because of their relatively higher income, upper-middle-class (versus working-class) adults have a lot more friends, and thus more opportunities to make choices.
D) Because of their relatively longer work hours, upper-middle-class (versus working-class) adults have fewer opportunities to make choices in daily life, so they are very excited to make choices when the opportunity arises.
E) Because of their relatively longer work hours, working-class (versus upper-middle-class) adults spend less time with family, and thus experience fewer social constraints on their choices.

Accepted Answer

The rationale is that working-class adults, due to their lower income, face more constraints and have fewer opportunities to make choices compared to upper-middle-class adults, affecting how they perceive and experience choice.

Question 16

Which of the following people would you expect to feel the need to maintain face?
A) Donna, who says, "I try to approach any opportunities that come my way."
B) John, who says, "I really like to make myself feel good about myself."
C) Michelle, who says, "I prefer to avoid negative outcomes from happening."
D) Wolfgang, who says, "I cannot change who I am-I am who I am."
E) Leon, who says, "I like to compare myself with those who are worse off than I am."

Accepted Answer

Michelle's statement about avoiding negative outcomes suggests a concern with maintaining face, as maintaining face often involves avoiding situations that could lead to embarrassment or loss of social standing.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the research findings on cultural influences on primary and secondary control?
A) People from Japan report using primary control to pursue their goals, whereas North Americans report using secondary control to pursue their goals.
B) People from collectivistic cultures are more likely to perceive groups as agents of primary control than are people from individualistic cultures.
C) Both Japanese and U.S.participants report that primary control experiences feel more powerful than secondary control experiences.
D) Both Japanese and U.S.participants report that secondary control experiences feel forced; that is, participants feel compelled to adjust in these situations.
E) Recent research shows that preventing a person from engaging in primary control elicits anxiety among members of relatively collectivistic cultures.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements is TRUE...

Question 18

Siya, an Indian student starting her first year in college, is deciding on a major.Which of the following factors is most likely to guide her decision-making process?
A) Her personal preferences: Siya is interested in health care, so she may major in nursing or biomedical sciences.
B) Her past experiences: Siya struggled to earn a good grade in physics, so she won't major in that subject.
C) Advice from her parents: Siya's parents expect her to pursue a professional career after college, so she is considering a business major.
D) Advice from her friends: All her friends think that psychology is an enjoyable topic, so Siya may choose this major.
E) Advice from her classmates: Several classmates from high school told Siya that engineering majors tend to make high salaries after college.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Siya, an Indian student starting her first...

Question 19

At an academic debate, you overhear one researcher say, "Based on Iyengar and colleagues' work on choice across cultures, Asian Americans have a stronger preference for everyone else to make choices for them rather than making choices for themselves." Do you agree?
A) No: Asian Americans prefer choices that are made for them by an ingroup member but not by an outgroup member.
B) No: Asian Americans prefer to make choices for themselves rather than have someone else choose for them.
C) Yes: Asian Americans prefer someone else to make choices for them, regardless of who that person is because they are high in agreeableness.
D) Yes: Asian Americans prefer someone else to make choices for them, regardless of who that person else is, because they are high in collectivism.
E) No: Asian Americans prefer to make choices for others rather than for themselves.

Accepted Answer

Asian Americans show a preference for choices made by ingroup members, reflecting cultural values around collectivism and trust within their community, rather than a blanket preference for others making decisions for them.

Question 20

Makayla is from the United States and Michiko is from Japan.Given what you know about cultural influences on primary and secondary control, which of the following statements describes these women best?
A) Makayla is likely to remember more situations where she adjusted to versus influenced others, whereas Michiko is likely to remember more situations where she influenced versus adjusted to others.
B) Makayla is likely to remember more situations where she influenced versus adjusted to others, whereas Michiko is likely to remember more situations where she adjusted to versus influenced others.
C) Makayla is likely to remember more situations where she influenced versus adjusted to others, whereas Michiko is equally likely to remember influencing and adjusting situations.
D) Both Makayla and Michiko are likely to remember more situations where they adjusted to, versus influenced, others.
E) Both Makayla and Michiko are likely to remember more situations where they influenced, versus adjusted, to others.

Accepted Answer

Cultural influences on primary and secondary control suggest that individuals from individualistic cultures, like the United States, are more likely to remember situations where they exerted influence (primary control), while those from collectivistic cultures, like Japan, are more likely to remember situations where they adjusted or adapted (secondary control).

Quiz 8: Emotions

Research conducted on East and West Germany found that

After studying abroad for a semester, Jing is excited to return home to China and reconnect with her friends.She wants to ensure that her friends still view her positively.What should Jing do to maintain face with her friends?

As you recall, researchers have conducted a number of studies examining how people from the United States and India experience choice differently.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding these research findings?

Several real estate agents have been convicted of several counts of real estate fraud.The most plausible reaction from American and Japanese news outlets will be that Japanese newspapers are likelier than American ones to

Which of the following is the best example of primary control?

Which of the following is an example of secondary control?

According to Kim and Markus's (1999) study, working-class Americans liked the pen they were given, regardless of whether they chose it or not, unlike upper-middle-class Americans, who much preferred the pen that they chose.This can be explained by

In Western cultures, .In East Asian cultures, .

Helen has lived in an Eastern, collectivistic culture her entire life.Which of the following statements about Helen is consistent with your knowledge of cultural influences on primary and secondary control?

When studying socioeconomic influences on choice, researchers hypothesize that working-class adults will perceive and experience choice differently than upper-middle-class adults.What is the rationale for this hypothesis?

Which of the following people would you expect to feel the need to maintain face?

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the research findings on cultural influences on primary and secondary control?

Siya, an Indian student starting her first year in college, is deciding on a major.Which of the following factors is most likely to guide her decision-making process?

At an academic debate, you overhear one researcher say, "Based on Iyengar and colleagues' work on choice across cultures, Asian Americans have a stronger preference for everyone else to make choices for them rather than making choices for themselves." Do you agree?

Makayla is from the United States and Michiko is from Japan.Given what you know about cultural influences on primary and secondary control, which of the following statements describes these women best?