Question 1

The effects of reinforcement generalize, but the effects of extinction and punishment do not.

Accepted Answer

The effects of extinction and punishment can generalize to other similar behaviors or situations, while the effects of reinforcement are more specific to the behavior and situation that was reinforced. The effects of extinction and punishment can generalize to similar stimuli or situations, while the effects of reinforcement may be more specific to the behavior and context in which it occurred.

Question 2

In discrimination training, the S and S
Are presented at the same time.

Accepted Answer

Simultaneous presentation of the S and S is a key feature of discrimination training.

Question 3

In , the task is to select from two or more alternatives the stimulus that matches a standard.

Accepted Answer

Matching to sample involves selecting the stimulus that matches a standard, which aligns with the task described in the question. Stimulus selection and discriminating are too general to specifically describe the task, and mismatching is the opposite of what is being asked for. Matching to sample is the task where an individual is presented with a stimulus (sample) and is then asked to select from two or more alternatives the stimulus that matches the sample. This task is commonly used in behavior analysis and cognitive psychology research.

Question 4

When a behavior reliably occurs in the presence of an S behavior is .

Accepted Answer

When a behavior reliably occurs in the presence of a particular stimulus (S) and not in the absence of that stimulus or in the presence of other stimuli (S-), we can say that the behavior is under stimulus control. This means that the behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of the S, and less likely to occur in its absence or in the presence of other stimuli. Fully discriminated (B) means that the subject can differentiate between two or more stimuli and respond differently to each of them, which is not necessarily the case in stimulus control. Respondent (C) refers to behaviors that are elicited by a specific stimulus, such as reflexes, and are not necessarily under the control of the individual. Fully operant + (D) refers to a behavior that is freely emitted by the subject and is under the control of its consequences, which is not the case in stimulus control as the behavior is more controlled by the presence or absence of a specific stimulus.

Question 5

Herrnstein and others trained pigeons to respond to images of people.The researchers did this by pinpointing a single defining feature (such as hair) on which the birds could discriminate humans from other objects.

Accepted Answer

The researchers trained pigeons to recognize humans by using a variety of images and not by focusing on a single defining feature.

Question 6

In , the task is to select from two or more alternatives the stimulus that is different from a standard.

Accepted Answer

Oddity matching requires the selection of the stimulus that is different from the standard. The other options (A, C, and D) do not necessarily involve selecting the different stimulus. Oddity matching involves selecting the stimulus that is different from the others, while matching to nonsample involves selecting the stimulus that matches the sample. Error matching and difference matching are not valid options in this context.

Question 7

Honig and Slivka trained pigeons to peck disks of various colors.After this they began shocking the birds when they pecked a disk of a particular color.This .

Accepted Answer

The shock served as a punishment, leading to a general reduction in pecking behavior, not just on the disk associated with the shock.

Question 8

With discrimination training, pigeons have learned to discriminate between paintings by Monet and
Picasso, even when the pictures were ones they had never seen before.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Pigeons have been trained to discriminate between paintings by different artists such as Monet and Picasso, even when presented with entirely new images they have never seen before. This was demonstrated through a series of experiments by researchers at the University of Iowa in the 1990s. This statement is true. Pigeons have been trained to distinguish between paintings by Monet and Picasso, as well as other famous artists. They can even differentiate between styles or periods of art, such as Impressionism and Cubism.

Question 9

The effects of reinforcement generalize, but not the effects of extinction and punishment.

Accepted Answer

The effects of extinction and punishment can generalize if the stimuli or behaviors that lead to the reinforcement/punishment are similar in context, but they are not as consistent as the effects of reinforcement.

Question 10

Spence's theory anticipated the discovery of the peak shift phenomenon.

Accepted Answer

Spence's theory suggested that neurons in the brain respond to stimuli that are slightly different from the original training stimuli, which is similar to the peak shift phenomenon that was discovered later. Spence's theory, proposed in 1937, stated that the "heightened effectiveness of radiant energy at the sensory extremes" leads to an amplification of neural responses in the extreme ranges of a sensory dimension. This concept anticipated the phenomenon of peak shift, which was later discovered in studies of animal behavior in the 1950s.

Question 11

During World War II, thousands of American citizens of Japanese descent were imprisoned in this country though their only "crime" was that they resembled the enemy.

Accepted Answer

This is true. The internment of Japanese Americans during World War II is a well-documented act of discrimination and violation of civil liberties.

Question 12

Generalization implies that those who must speak to a large crowd in a hot auditorium should practice before a few friends in a small, air conditioned room.

Accepted Answer

Generalization involves applying a broad principle to different situations, but practicing in a small, air-conditioned room does not replicate the conditions of speaking to a large crowd in a hot auditorium, so it may not effectively prepare someone for the actual experience.

Question 13

In the Dweck and Repucci study, teachers asked students to work on unsolvable problems, and then on problems that could be solved.They failed to solve the second set of problems, but were able to solve similar problems when the problems were presented .

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the Dweck and Repucci study, teachers...

Question 14

In a classic study, Guttman and Kalish trained pigeons to peck a disk of a particular color, and then gave them the opportunity to peck .

Accepted Answer

The study involved training pigeons to peck a disk of a particular color. Therefore, the logical option for the subsequent test would be to present them with disks of various colors to see if they can discriminate between the trained color and other colors. The other options, such as shapes, sizes, or objects other than disks, would not be directly relevant to the original training task.

Question 15

The flatter the generalization curve, the greater the degree of generalization.

Accepted Answer

A flatter curve means that the same level of performance is maintained over a wider range of stimuli, indicating a higher degree of generalization. A flatter curve indicates that the model is making more generalizations as it is predicting similar outputs for a wider range of inputs. This means that it is generalizing better.

Question 16

The person whose name is most associated with errorless discrimination training is .

Accepted Answer

Herbert Terrace is known for developing the concept of errorless discrimination training, which is a method used in behavioral psychology to teach discrimination tasks without making errors.

Question 17

When generalization is based on abstract rather than physical features, it is called generalization.

Accepted Answer

Generalization based on abstract features is called semantic generalization.

Question 18

Concepts involve both generalization and discrimination.

Accepted Answer

Concepts involve generalization in that they encompass a range of objects or situations that share common characteristics. At the same time, concepts also involve discrimination in that they distinguish between objects or situations that do not share these characteristics. Concepts involve generalization because they represent a mental category that encompasses multiple individual examples. However, concepts also involve discrimination because they are defined by their boundaries and distinguish between examples that do or do not belong to the category.

Question 19

Jennifer O'Donnell suggests that a stimulus that indicates a behavior will be punished should be designated by .

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jennifer O'Donnell suggests that a stimulus that...

Question 20

Pigeons that have learned to peck a disk when two lights of the same color come on, and not when the lights differ, can be said to have learned a concept.

Accepted Answer

The pigeons have learned to differentiate between the two colors and respond accordingly, which is an example of concept learning.

Quiz 10: Generalization, Discrimination, and Stimulus