Question 1

Which statement about the development of prosocial behaviors is TRUE?
A) Toddlers tend to comfort a distressed adult only when prompted by their parents.
B) The distinction between another's emotional distress and one's own develops by the age of 4.
C) Toddlers frequently show expressions of sympathy when comforting others.
D) Young children regularly act in prosocial ways.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statement about the development of prosocial...

Question 2

Elementary school children's hostile aggression is motived by the desire
A) to obtain something concrete.
B) for revenge.
C) to damage another's peer relationships.
D) to harm another person.

Accepted Answer

Elementary school children's hostile aggression is primarily motivated by the desire to harm another person physically or emotionally. Children who engage in this type of aggression may lack the social skills to express their emotions in a more appropriate way and may resort to aggressive behavior to get what they want or to alleviate their own frustrations. They may also have learned from their environment that aggression is an acceptable way to solve problems or to get what they want.

Question 3

According to _____, growth in moral reasoning occurs not through stage-like change but through gradual change based on the child's interactions with peers and adults as well as through direct teachings from their parents.
A) social domain theory
B) Piaget's theory of moral judgment
C) Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning
D) theory of mind

Accepted Answer

Social domain theory proposes that moral reasoning develops gradually through interactions with others and through direct teachings, rather than through distinct stages, which is more aligned with Piaget's and Kohlberg's theories. Theory of mind focuses on the development of understanding others' mental states.

Question 4

Which statement about the effect of temperament on the development of conscience is TRUE?
A) Harsh discipline is equally effective at promoting children's internalization of parents' standards for children of all temperamental styles.
B) Gentle discipline is equally effective at promoting children's internalization of parents' standards for children of all temperamental styles.
C) Gentle discipline is effective at promoting children's internalization of parents' standards for temperamentally kind children, but not for temperamentally angry children.
D) Gentle discipline is effective at promoting children's internalization of parents' standards for temperamentally fearful children, but not for temperamentally fearless children.

Accepted Answer

Gentle discipline tends to be more effective for children who are temperamentally fearful, as they are more sensitive to such approaches. Fearless children might not respond as well to gentle discipline, requiring different strategies to promote internalization of standards.

Question 5

Which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral judgment is LEAST likely to be exhibited?
A) Stage 1
B) Stage 3
C) Stage 5
D) Stage 6

Accepted Answer

Stage 6, or the universal ethical principles stage, is the least likely to be exhibited as it requires individuals to have a highly developed sense of moral reasoning and a commitment to universal ethical principles. Many people may never reach this stage or only display it in certain situations.

Question 6

When presented with Piaget's stories designed to assess children's moral reasoning, Piaget would expect 11-year-old Jabar to say that
A) the child who broke 15 glasses is naughtier than the child who broke 1 glass.
B) the child who broke 1 glass is naughtier than the child who broke 15 glasses.
C) both children are very naughty.
D) neither child is naughty.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget, by the age of 11, children typically reach the stage of autonomous morality, where they consider intentions rather than just consequences. Jabar would likely say the child who broke 1 glass is naughtier if that child had bad intentions, while the child who broke 15 glasses did so accidentally.

Question 7

Which statement about the moral reasoning of males and females is TRUE?
A) Males tend to be more concerned with protecting their image in the social circle when they make moral judgments.
B) Females tend to focus their moral judgments more on issues of caring for other people than do males.
C) Males tend to be less able to reason at their full cognitive capacity when faced with moral dilemmas.
D) Differences in males' and females' moral reasoning are more apparent when reasoning about hypothetical moral dilemmas than when reasoning about dilemmas in their own lives.

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that females tend to prioritize caring and compassion when making moral judgments, while males tend to focus more on justice and fairness. This difference has been noted across a variety of cultures and is thought to be at least partially influenced by socialization and upbringing. Option A is incorrect because research has not supported the notion that males are more concerned with protecting their image when making moral judgments. Option C is incorrect because there is no evidence to suggest that males are less able to reason at their full cognitive capacity when faced with moral dilemmas. Option D is incorrect because differences in males' and females' moral reasoning have been observed both in hypothetical scenarios and real-life situations.

Question 8

Which thought or response would be the LEAST likely to come from an aggressive child when faced with a negative social situation?
A) "That kid was trying to hurt me."
B) "I could try to cooperate with that kid, take turns with him, tell the teacher, or hit him."
C) "Hitting that kid will help me get what I want."
D) "I'm just trying to get back at him for getting in my way."

Accepted Answer

Option B reflects a thought process that includes considering multiple responses to a situation, including non-aggressive options like cooperation and seeking help from an authority figure. This is less characteristic of an aggressive child, who is more likely to focus on retaliatory or aggressive solutions.

Question 9

Which theory posits that children's moral judgements and related behaviors can affect the behavior of their parents in relation to moral development?
A) social domain theory
B) Piaget's theory of moral judgment
C) Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning
D) theory of mind

Accepted Answer

Social domain theory posits that children's moral judgments and related behaviors can affect the behavior of their parents in relation to moral development. This theory argues that moral reasoning and behavior vary across different domains, including moral, social-conventional, and personal domains, and that children are socialized into different moral rules and values within each of these domains. As children develop and begin to make moral judgments in each of these domains, they can influence their parents' behavior and beliefs about what is right and wrong.

Question 10

Which behavior is NOT considered an example of aggression?
A) hitting
B) verbal insults
C) excluding others
D) helping others

Accepted Answer

Helping others is not considered an example of aggression. Aggression refers to behavior that is intended to harm or injure another individual, whether physically or emotionally. Hitting and verbal insults are clear examples of physical and verbal aggression, respectively. Excluding others can also be a form of aggression, as it can be used to ostracize and emotionally harm individuals.

Question 11

Are there cultural differences in the effect of physical and abusive punishment on children's likelihood of becoming aggressive?
A) No, both physical and abusive punishment lead to aggression equally in all cultures.
B) Yes, physical punishment leads to aggression equally in all cultures, whereas abusive punishment does not.
C) Yes, abusive punishment leads to aggression in all cultures, whereas physical punishment does not.
D) No, neither physical nor abusive punishment leads to aggression in any culture.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Are there cultural differences in the effect...

Question 12

Which statement about changes in the development of moral reasoning is accurate, according to Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning?
A) Children's prosocial moral reasoning becomes increasingly advanced.
B) The stages outlined by Piaget are completely distinct from Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning.
C) Children are increasingly concerned with their own needs as they develop.
D) The level of prosocial moral reasoning in which children are classified has little association with how prosocial their behavior is.

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory, as children develop, their moral reasoning becomes increasingly advanced and includes considerations of fairness and justice in addition to individual needs.

Question 13

Which statement about parental influence on children's prosocial behavior is TRUE?
A) Parents have little influence on children's prosocial behavior.
B) Only direct modeling of prosocial behavior is associated with children's own prosocial behavior.
C) Parents' communication of prosocial values is related to children's adoption of the value of prosocial behavior.
D) Similarities between parents and children in prosocial behavior are due primarily to genetic similarities.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that parental communication of prosocial values is related to children's adoption of the value of prosocial behavior. Direct modeling of prosocial behavior is important, but parental communication is also influential. Genetic similarities may contribute to some similarities in prosocial behavior between parents and children, but research has shown that environmental factors, including parenting behaviors, have a greater impact. Therefore, option A and D are incorrect. Option B is only partially correct as it disregards the significance of parental communication. Thus, option C is the true statement.

Question 14

Judgments that pertain to societal rules and conventions through which cultures maintain order are considered to be in the _____ domain, according to the social domain theory.
A) societal
B) moral
C) personal
D) prosocial

Accepted Answer

The social domain theory posits that moral judgments can be distinguished from judgments about societal rules and conventions that serve the purpose of maintaining social order. The latter are considered to be in the societal domain. Moral judgments, on the other hand, pertain to issues of harm, welfare, rights, and justice, and are considered to be in the moral domain. Personal judgments are related to individual preferences and choices, while prosocial judgments relate to behaviors that benefit others.

Question 15

Which statement constitutes postconventional moral reasoning?
A) "I shouldn't do that because it is my responsibility to fulfill my duties."
B) "I shouldn't do that because I will get caught and I don't want to be punished."
C) "I shouldn't do that because it is not in the best interest of society."
D) "I shouldn't do that because my parents won't think I am a good boy."

Accepted Answer

Postconventional moral reasoning involves basing decisions on principles and values that are not dependent on external factors such as authority figures or punishment. Option C demonstrates this type of reasoning by considering the impact of one's actions on society as a whole.

Question 16

An approach to youth intervention that focuses on developing and nurturing strengths and assets rather than on correcting weaknesses and deficits is called
A) service learning.
B) positive youth development.
C) youth intervention.
D) positive youth intervention.

Accepted Answer

Positive youth development focuses on building on the strengths and assets of young people rather than solely addressing their weaknesses and problems. It is an approach that emphasizes the promotion of positive qualities and experiences that can help young people thrive and reach their full potential.

Question 17

The emotional response to another's emotional state or condition that reflects the other person's state or condition is referred to as
A) altruism.
B) conscience.
C) empathy.
D) sympathy.

Accepted Answer

Empathy involves feeling and understanding another person's emotions or situation, while sympathy involves feeling pity or sorrow for them.

Question 18

Which phrase is NOT regarded as true of a young child's conscience?
A) restrains antisocial impulses
B) reflects self-defined standards
C) promotes prosocial behavior
D) mirrors parents' beliefs

Accepted Answer

A young child's conscience is typically shaped by external influences rather than self-defined standards. It often mirrors parents' beliefs and societal norms, guiding the child towards prosocial behavior and restraining antisocial impulses. Self-defined standards usually develop later as the child matures and gains more independence and self-awareness.

Question 19

What did Piaget call the FIRST stage of moral development?
A) heteronomous morality
B) preconventional morality
C) autonomous morality
D) conventional morality

Accepted Answer

Piaget called the first stage of moral development "heteronomous morality," which occurs between the ages of 4 and 7. In this stage, children believe that rules are handed down by authorities and cannot be changed. They view rules as absolutes and punishments as inevitable for breaking them.

Question 20

Spencer and Carlos are both quite aggressive in comparison to their peers. Spencer is particularly prone to reactive aggression, and Carlos is particularly prone to proactive aggression. When asked about what they expect to happen when they exhibit aggression
A) Spencer and Carlos will both expect that there will be positive social consequences for their aggression.
B) Spencer and Carlos will both expect that there will be negative social consequences for their aggression.
C) Carlos will be more likely than Spencer to expect positive social consequences for his aggression.
D) Carlos will be less likely than Spencer to expect positive social consequences for his aggression.

Accepted Answer

Carlos is particularly prone to proactive aggression, which is aggression that is used to achieve a goal or assert dominance. Individuals who exhibit proactive aggression typically expect positive social consequences for their behavior, such as increased status or resources. In contrast, reactive aggression is often impulsive and used in response to provocation, and individuals who exhibit reactive aggression typically expect negative social consequences for their behavior, such as punishment or rejection. Therefore, Spencer may be less likely to expect positive social consequences for his aggression than Carlos.

Quiz 14: Moral Development

Which statement about the development of prosocial behaviors is TRUE?

Elementary school children's hostile aggression is motived by the desire

According to _____, growth in moral reasoning occurs not through stage-like change but through gradual change based on the child's interactions with peers and adults as well as through direct teachings from their parents.

Which statement about the effect of temperament on the development of conscience is TRUE?

Which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral judgment is LEAST likely to be exhibited?

When presented with Piaget's stories designed to assess children's moral reasoning, Piaget would expect 11-year-old Jabar to say that

Which statement about the moral reasoning of males and females is TRUE?

Which thought or response would be the LEAST likely to come from an aggressive child when faced with a negative social situation?

Which theory posits that children's moral judgements and related behaviors can affect the behavior of their parents in relation to moral development?

Which behavior is NOT considered an example of aggression?

Are there cultural differences in the effect of physical and abusive punishment on children's likelihood of becoming aggressive?

Which statement about changes in the development of moral reasoning is accurate, according to Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning?

Which statement about parental influence on children's prosocial behavior is TRUE?

Judgments that pertain to societal rules and conventions through which cultures maintain order are considered to be in the _____ domain, according to the social domain theory.

Which statement constitutes postconventional moral reasoning?

An approach to youth intervention that focuses on developing and nurturing strengths and assets rather than on correcting weaknesses and deficits is called

The emotional response to another's emotional state or condition that reflects the other person's state or condition is referred to as

Which phrase is NOT regarded as true of a young child's conscience?

What did Piaget call the FIRST stage of moral development?

Spencer and Carlos are both quite aggressive in comparison to their peers. Spencer is particularly prone to reactive aggression, and Carlos is particularly prone to proactive aggression. When asked about what they expect to happen when they exhibit aggression