Question 1

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) may indicate

Accepted Answer

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are areas of increased signal intensity in the white matter of the brain that can be seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The presence and severity of WMHs are associated with a number of brain pathologies, including neural atrophy, stroke, and cerebral small vessel disease. WMHs have also been associated with a higher risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Therefore, option C, brain pathologies such as neural atrophy, is the best choice.

Question 2

P-FIT stands for

Accepted Answer

P-FIT stands for Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory, which proposes that the neural basis of intelligence is distributed across the parietal and frontal lobes of the brain, and that efficient communication and integration between these two regions is necessary for optimal cognitive functioning.

Question 3

Why do we say neuroimaging must be used "carefully and ethically"?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why do we say neuroimaging must be...

Question 4

Research on the potential of neural stem cells took a major leap forward in 2007 with the founding of the

Accepted Answer

The question asks for the institute founded in 2007 that focuses on neural stem cells. The only option that matches this description is the New York Neural Stem Cell Institute. The other options either have the wrong state or focus on behavioral science instead of stem cells.

Question 5

To explore brain-related factors that might explain age differences in cognitive functioning, a researcher may use a(n) ______________ to examine how changes in brain activity occur in correspondence with changes in task demands.

Accepted Answer

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) allows for the measurement of changes in brain activity in response to specific cognitive tasks, making it the most appropriate choice for examining the relationship between brain activity and cognitive functioning. EEG (electroencephalography) measures electrical activity in the brain, but is less precise in pinpointing specific areas of the brain involved in a task. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and eMRI (enhanced MRI) provide structural images of the brain, but do not measure changes in brain activity.

Question 6

One of the most significant findings in the neuroscience literature is the observed of neural activation patterns in older adults' brain activity when compared with the brain functioning of younger adults.

Accepted Answer

The observed pattern is reduced lateralization, meaning that older adults rely less on one hemisphere of the brain for certain tasks than younger adults. This can lead to greater use of compensatory strategies and activation of multiple brain regions to perform cognitive tasks, which could contribute to both strengths and weaknesses in older adults' cognitive functioning.

Question 7

Functional imaging techniques focus on the of the brain.

Accepted Answer

Functional imaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scan, focus on the activity of the brain rather than its structure or anatomical features. These techniques measure changes in blood flow to different parts of the brain, reflecting the activity levels in those regions.

Question 8

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) produces

Accepted Answer

MRI produces highly detailed images of the anatomical structures of the brain. It does not show brain activity as different colors, nor does it specifically show healthy or pathological brain functioning.

Question 9

Which of the following biomarker patterns was associated with less favorable cognitive functioning and less total cerebral brain volume?

Accepted Answer

The biomarker pattern high in transfat was associated with less favorable cognitive functioning and less total cerebral brain volume according to the prompt. The other answer choices were not mentioned as having an association with cognitive functioning or cerebral brain volume, or were not mentioned at all.

Question 10

Compare and contrast the age-related changes between neurons and neurotransmitters.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast the age-related changes between...

Question 11

Chemicals that travel across the space between neurons are called

Accepted Answer

Chemicals that travel across the space between neurons are called neurotransmitters.

Question 12

In the past, much research regarding adult development and aging was based upon data.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the past, much research regarding adult...

Question 13

Grady (2012) points out that reduced prefrontal recruitment in aging is

Accepted Answer

Grady (2012) states that reduced prefrontal recruitment in aging is context-dependent, meaning that it occurs specifically in situations that require higher-order cognitive processing and attentional control.

Question 14

The field of neuroscience can be defined as

Accepted Answer

Neuroscience is the study of the brain, including its structure, function, and plasticity. Plasticity refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt, particularly in response to experiences, learning, and aging. Therefore, option D is the best choice as it relates to the study of the brain's plasticity in the aging process. The other options (A, B, and C) do not accurately define the field of neuroscience.

Question 15

Neuroscience has brought an important perspective to studying cognitive aging. Specifically, it has

Accepted Answer

Neuroscience has provided tools and techniques to directly investigate the cognitive processes and neural mechanisms underlying cognitive aging. This has allowed researchers to test their theories of how the brain changes with age and how these changes affect cognitive abilities. However, neuroscience has not yet found a cure for Alzheimer's disease, shown how to reverse cognitive decline, or eliminated free radicals.

Question 16

Activation of both left and right prefrontal areas of the brain is called activation.

Accepted Answer

"Activation of both left and right prefrontal areas" indicates involvement of both sides, making the answer bilateral.

Question 17

Executive functioning failures in older adults can be seen when older adults

Accepted Answer

Difficulty factoring out false information in reading is a sign of cognitive decline in executive functioning, which includes abilities like attention, working memory, and decision-making. B, C, and D are more likely to be related to declines in sensory or motor functioning as opposed to executive functioning.

Question 18

Processing speed as people age.

Accepted Answer

As people age, processing speed tends to decrease due to the decline in neural plasticity and processing efficiency in the brain. However, this decline may not be uniform and can be influenced by various factors such as education, cognitive enrichment, and physical exercise.

Question 19

Discuss the similarities and differences between MRI and fMRI.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the similarities and differences between MRI...

Question 20

What is the default network of the brain and how is it related to poorer performance of cognitive tasks in older adults?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the default network of the...

Quiz 2: Neuroscience As a Basis for Adult Development