Question 1

The encoding specificity principle refers to the recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event, such as the day you graduated from high school.

Accepted Answer

The encoding specificity principle refers to the idea that memory is most effective when information available at encoding is also present at retrieval, not specifically about recalling vivid personal events.

Question 2

In a cross-cultural study investigating first memories,European American college students usually reported first memories that were self-focused and revolved around a specific event or experience.

Accepted Answer

This is true according to a cross-cultural study investigating first memories among European American college students.

Question 3

The content of earliest autobiographical memories for Taiwanese and Chinese college students tended to concernroutine activities in the company of other people.

Accepted Answer

The statement accurately summarizes the findings of a study on earliest autobiographical memories for Taiwanese and Chinese college students, as reported in a research article published in the journal Memory. The study found that the most frequent content category of earliest memories was "everyday life events," which often involved routine activities with family or friends.

Question 4

Autobiographical memory is closely related to episodic memory and refers to events of your life-your personal life history.

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memory specifically relates to events from one's personal life history, which is a type of episodic memory - the memory of personal experiences and events.

Question 5

Josh is sent to the store by his mother to pick up a number of grocery items. Upon arriving home, Josh's mother notices that Josh remembered to buy the first few items but apparently forgot to get the last few items that she had mentioned to him.Remembering the first items in a list is called the primacy effect.

Accepted Answer

The primacy effect refers to the tendency to remember items at the beginning of a list more easily than items in the middle or end. Therefore, Josh remembering the first few items but forgetting the last few is an example of the primacy effect.

Question 6

In a cross-cultural study investigating first memories, Chineseand Taiwanese college students usually reported first memories focusing on routine activities that they shared with members of their family or social group.

Accepted Answer

The statement accurately reflects the findings of the cross-cultural study.

Question 7

The content of earliest autobiographical memories for Taiwanese and Chinese college students tended to concern discrete events and personal emotions they evoked.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The content of earliest autobiographical memories for...

Question 8

A test with multiple-choice questions is an example of using free recall to measure long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

A test with multiple-choice questions is an example of using recognition, not free recall, to measure long-term memory. Free recall involves retrieving information from memory without any cues or prompts, while recognition involves identifying information from options or cues provided.

Question 9

A test that uses cued-recall or recognition is usually easier than a test that uses free recall to measure long-term memory for information.

Accepted Answer

Cued-recall and recognition provide cues or prompts, making it easier to retrieve information from long-term memory compared to free recall, where no prompts or cues are provided.

Question 10

The tip-of-the-tongue experience is a common example of retrieval cue failure.

Accepted Answer

The tip-of-the-tongue experience occurs when a person is unable to recall a specific piece of information, despite knowing it is stored in their memory. This is an example of retrieval cue failure, as the brain is unable to access the appropriate cues needed to retrieve the information.

Question 11

Organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory is called "clustering."

Accepted Answer

This is a true statement. Clustering is a memory strategy where items are grouped into related categories or clusters during recall from long-term memory. This can help improve memory performance by increasing the organization and structure of information being remembered.

Question 12

As a general rule, the more closely retrieval cues match the original learning conditions, the more likely it is that retrieval will occur.

Accepted Answer

This is known as the encoding specificity principle and is a broadly accepted theory in cognitive psychology. Matching retrieval cues with the original learning conditions can improve the chances of successful retrieval because it helps prime the relevant information in memory.

Question 13

In his eighth-grade history class, Michael had to reciteLincoln's Gettysburg Address from memory. Michael did wellat the beginning and end of the Address, but forgot some sentences in the middle. This example illustrates the seria lposition effect.

Accepted Answer

The serial position effect refers to the tendency for people to better remember the items presented at the beginning and end of a list, while often forgetting the ones in the middle. Michael's ability to remember the beginning and end of the Gettysburg Address but struggling with the middle sentences demonstrates this effect.

Question 14

In a cross-cultural study comparing the earliest memories of college students, researchers found that the average age for earliest memory was much earlier for the U.S.-born students than for the Taiwanese or Chinese students.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true according to the information given in the statement.

Question 15

The average age of earliest auto biographical memories for Taiwanese and Chinese college students tended to be earlier than that for European American college students.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that European American college students tend to have earlier autobiographical memories compared to Taiwanese and Chinese college students, likely due to cultural differences in self-construal and memory socialization practices.

Question 16

Cued recall is a memory measurement that involves identifying an item of information in response to a retrievalcue.

Accepted Answer

Cued recall involves using a retrieval cue to prompt the recall of information, making it an accurate memory measurement technique.

Question 17

Research has shown that the bits and pieces of information that people usually recall during a tip-of-the-tongue experience are completely unrelated to the blocked memory.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that during a tip-of-the-tongue experience, the bits and pieces of information people recall are often related to the blocked memory, such as the first letter or the number of syllables.

Question 18

Although there is ample evidence that information in long-term memory is clustered and associated, memory researchers still do not completely understand how information is organized in long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

While there is evidence of clustering and association in long-term memory, there is still much that is not understood about its organization.

Question 19

Marcia says, "Oh, I know that actor's name. I just can't remember it right now." Marcia seems to be having a tip-of-the-tongue experience.

Accepted Answer

Marcia's statement implies that she knows the information but is having difficulty retrieving it, which is characteristic of a tip-of-the-tongue experience.

Question 20

The basic idea of the semantic network model is that activating one concept, such as the word "dog," can trigger the activation of other concepts that are associated with it, such asthe words "cat," "hound," or "pound."

Accepted Answer

This statement accurately describes the basic idea behind the semantic network model.

Quiz 6: Memory