Question 1

Induction is an approach to discipline that combines controlling a child's behavior with teaching the child why the behavior is wrong or inappropriate.

Accepted Answer

Induction involves explaining to the child why their behavior is wrong or inappropriate, in addition to controlling their behavior through discipline.

Question 2

Tanisha is a normal infant who learned to walk at age 11 months. She has just celebrated her first birthday. Although she hasn't started talking yet, it's very likely that Tanisha will shortly enter the ______ stage of language development.

Accepted Answer

The one-word stage typically occurs between the ages of 1-2 years, in which infants begin to say single words like "mama" and "dada" to refer to specific people or objects. This stage comes after the babbling stage, where infants practice making sounds and experimenting with different consonant and vowel combinations. The two-word and three-word stages come later when infants begin to form simple phrases and sentences.

Question 3

The _____ style of parenting is associated with a wide variety of long-term psychological and behavioral benefits in the development of children.

Accepted Answer

Authoritative parenting style involves setting clear rules and boundaries for children while also offering warmth, support, and flexibility. This type of parenting has been associated with positive outcomes in children's self-esteem, academic achievements, mental health, and social skills. On the other hand, permissive-indulgent parenting may lack rules and discipline, while permissive-indifferent parenting may lack warmth and support. The authoritarian parenting style, which is characterized by strict and rigid rules and punishment, has been linked to negative outcomes such as anxiety, depression, and aggressive behavior in children.

Question 4

According to _____, every baby comes into the world with aninnate ability to understand the basic principles of language organization.

Accepted Answer

This proposition is associated with the theory of universal grammar by Noam Chomsky, a linguist and philosopher who posits that humans are born with a genetically-encoded language acquisition device that enables them to learn and use language.

Question 5

Researchers Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess:

Accepted Answer

Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess are best known for their research on the temperament of infants. They found that most infants could be classified into one of three basic temperament patterns: easy, difficult, or slow to warm up.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

This statement is a valid criticism of Piaget's theory. Many studies have replicated some of Piaget's findings, but some have also challenged or provided different perspectives on his ideas. Piaget's theory has been expanded and revised by subsequent research, but it is not without criticism or limitations.

Question 7

Universal moral principles are to the ______ level as law andorder are to the _______ level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory of moral development posits three levels: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. At the postconventional level, individuals develop universal moral principles that guide their behavior, regardless of social norms and expectations. This is contrasted with the conventional level, where individuals are focused on following societal rules and norms. Therefore, universal moral principles are to the postconventional level as law and order are to the conventional level.

Question 8

According to Erik Erikson's theory, the key psychosocial task facing adolescents is:

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's theory posits that during adolescence, individuals go through the psychosocial stage of identity versus role confusion. This stage involves figuring out one's own identity, values, and beliefs while also developing a sense of belonging and purpose in society. Failure to form a clear and stable sense of identity can lead to confusion and feelings of inadequacy.

Question 9

Henry and Heidi are proud new parents. Based on the information in the text, you can predict that Lauren, their new baby, will most likely:

Accepted Answer

The text states that Lauren will likely be able to roll over at 4 to 6 months, but may not be able to sit without support until 6 to 9 months. Therefore, she will likely be able to roll over before sitting without support. There is no information given to suggest that she will walk before 10 months or at the same age as her older brother.

Question 10

Which cultural values are reflected in the U.S. custom of putting infants to sleep in a separate room from their parents?

Accepted Answer

The U.S. custom of putting infants to sleep in a separate room from their parents reflects the cultural value of being independent and self-reliant. In contrast, cultures that prioritize interdependence may be more likely to have infants sleep in the same room as their parents.

Question 11

The children of parents who practice the permissive-indulgent parenting style tend to develop effective self-control strategies early in life and are more achievement-oriented than the children of authoritarian or authoritative parents.

Accepted Answer

This statement is not accurate. Research suggests that children of permissive-indulgent parents may struggle with self-control and have lower levels of academic achievement compared to children of authoritative parents.

Question 12

Mark and Mathew are identical twins who developed from asingle zygote and share identical DNA. Nevertheless, as they develop, differences in physical and psychological characteristics become evident. These differences are due to:

Accepted Answer

Epigenetic changes can account for differences in gene expression between identical twins, leading to differences in physical and psychological characteristics. These changes can occur due to environmental factors and experiences, rather than differences in genetic code.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Males have an XY combination in the 23rd pair of chromosomes, while females have an XX combination. Option A is incorrect as it states females have an XY combination. Option B is incorrect as chromosomes come in pairs, so there should be 23 pairs of chromosomes, not 23 individual chromosomes. Option C is incorrect as each chromosome contains hundreds or thousands of genes, not just 23 genes.

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct term for a segment of DNA that encodes the formula for a particular protein molecule?

Accepted Answer

A gene is the correct term for a segment of DNA that encodes the formula for a particular protein molecule. Genotype refers to an individual's genetic makeup, chromosome is a structure made up of DNA that contains many genes, and phenotype refers to the physical expression of an individual's genotype.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

While juggling career, marriage, and family responsibilities can be challenging and stressful, it is not accurate to say that women who have multiple, satisfying, and positive roles are almost certain to experience the very highest levels of stress. Many women are able to successfully balance these roles and experience high levels of satisfaction and fulfillment.

Question 16

Which of the following statements accurately describes cognitive functioning in healthy adults who are 60 to 70 years old?

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that, on average, cognitive functioning in healthy adults does not significantly decline until after the age of 70, and even then the decline is often mild. It is true that there may be individual variability and some decline in specific abilities such as processing speed or attention, but overall cognitive function remains relatively stable. Physical and mental activity have also been linked to better cognitive outcomes in older adults. Therefore, choice D is the most accurate statement.

Question 17

Dr. Morelli investigates how gene activity is regulated within a cell, including what signals switch genes "on" or "off." Ingeneral, she is interested in the mechanisms that control gene expression and its effect on behavior and health. Her area of research is called:

Accepted Answer

Dr. Morelli's research focuses on gene expression and its regulation, which falls under the field of epigenetics. Option A, genetic mutation research, is more focused on identifying and studying specific mutations within genes. Option C, stem cell research, is focused on the properties and potential uses of stem cells. Option D, the human genome project, was a collaborative effort to sequence and map the entire human genome. While it is related to the study of genes, it is not specific to the regulation of gene expression.

Question 18

During the embryonic period:

Accepted Answer

The answer of During the embryonic period:
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Question 19

On the table were two pieces of string that were identical inlength. As Markus watched, one string was rearranged in acircular pattern. Markus then confidently said that the straight piece of string was longer. Markus is:

Accepted Answer

Markus is displaying cognitive abilities that are typical of the preoperational level. This is because at this stage, children do not yet have a firm grasp on conservation, which is the understanding that the amount of an object does not change even when its appearance is altered. In this case, Markus was focused on the appearance of the string rather than its actual length, which shows a lack of conservation.

Question 20

Most developmental psychologists today agree that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Most developmental psychologists today agree that:
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Quiz 9: Lifespan Development