Question 1

Bowlby listed four different phases of attachment.
What age are children when they are in the "clear-cut attachment" phase?

Accepted Answer

The "clear-cut attachment" phase occurs between 6–8 months and 1–2 years, where children show strong attachment to their caregivers and may experience separation anxiety.

Question 2

Adolescents in which of the following groups tend to report the highest self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that African American adolescents often report higher self-esteem compared to their peers from other ethnic groups, possibly due to strong cultural identity and community support.

Question 3

Max has an insecure/resistant attachment with his mother. Cassie has a secure attachment with her mother. How is this difference likely to impact their later social and cognitive functioning? Why would you predict this difference?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Max has an insecure/resistant attachment with his...

Question 4

Which of the following assertions is a true statement about culture and self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

Scores on measures of self-esteem differ across cultures due to variations in the cultural meaning of self-esteem and differences in comfort with acknowledging both positive and negative traits.

Question 5

Think about the concept of a secure base. First, describe what is meant by this concept. Then, describe how having a secure base can be important for cognitive development and give a specific example. Finally, describe how having a secure base can be important for emotional development and give a specific example.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Think about the concept of a secure...

Question 6

Which of the following statements is NOT associated with lower self-esteem among adolescents?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that African American adolescents often report higher self-esteem compared to their peers from other racial or ethnic groups, due to strong cultural identity and community support.

Question 7

In Western cultures, self-esteem tends to be related to_______; in Asian cultures, it tends to be related to_______.

Accepted Answer

In Western cultures, self-esteem is often linked to individual accomplishments and personal achievements. In contrast, Asian cultures typically emphasize the importance of contributing to the welfare of the group and maintaining harmony within the community.

Question 8

Which of the following assertions is a true statement about the impact of peer, parental, and self standards on children's self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

Adolescents who rely heavily on others' standards for self-evaluation may experience increased vulnerability to psychological issues, such as anxiety and depression, due to the instability and external nature of these standards.

Question 9

As children enter adolescence, they tend to increasingly rely on which of the following influences to evaluate themselves?

Accepted Answer

The answer of As children enter adolescence, they tend to...

Question 10

When they were 6 months old, Harlow's rhesus monkeys, who had been isolated at birth from other monkeys, showed:

Accepted Answer

Harlow's experiments demonstrated that rhesus monkeys isolated from birth exhibited more social disturbances, such as fear and aggression, compared to those not separated.

Question 11

Describe three characteristics of a child's sense of self, three characteristics of a young adolescent's sense of self, and three characteristics of a late adolescent's sense of self. What cognitive factors are at the foundation of these differences?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe three characteristics of a child's sense...

Question 12

Who disagreed with Freud's concept of a "needy, dependent infant motivated by drive reduction" and promoted a "competent, motivated infant" who uses his/her primary caregiver as a secure base?

Accepted Answer

John Bowlby disagreed with Freud's concept and developed the attachment theory, which views infants as competent and motivated, using their caregiver as a secure base for exploration.

Question 13

Describe the reciprocal associations between parental sensitivity and children's self-esteem, and between peer acceptance and children's self-esteem. Provide supportive examples.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the reciprocal associations between parental sensitivity...

Question 14

In late childhood, children tend to rely particularly on which of the following factors to evaluate themselves?

Accepted Answer

In late childhood, children tend to rely particularly on peer evaluations to evaluate themselves.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is the MOST likely reason for the slight tendency for African Americans to have higher self-esteem than Euro-Americans?

Accepted Answer

African Americans often have a stronger ethnic identity, which can contribute positively to self-esteem by providing a sense of belonging and pride in their cultural heritage.

Question 16

Do you believe it is possible for an individual to have a poor ethnic identity and a strong general identity?
What about a poor sexual identity and a strong general identity? Why or why not? Give examples to support your position.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Do you believe it is possible for...

Question 17

Describe the notion of the internal working model of attachment, as proposed by Bowlby. What does this working model include? What type of internal working model is associated with having unresponsive, uncaring, and unavailable caregivers? What about caregivers who are accessible and responsive?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the notion of the internal working...

Question 18

Describe the attachment process and the development and quality of infants' attachment in terms of the role nature and nurture play. Be specific and use examples as necessary to demonstrate your understanding.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the attachment process and the development...

Question 19

Describe the four identity-status categories into which researchers classify adolescents. For each category, provide the criteria used to classify individuals into the category. Then, describe how each of these categories is associated with adjustment and social behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the four identity-status categories into which...

Question 20

Parents who regularly discipline their children with comments such as which of the following admonishments will be MOST likely to have children with poor self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

Labeling a child as "irresponsible" attacks their character rather than addressing the specific behavior, which can lead to poor self-esteem.

Quiz 11: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Bowlby listed four different phases of attachment. What age are children when they are in the "clear-cut attachment" phase?