Question 1

Presence refers to the finding that a systematic relationship exists between the two variables of interest in the population,but is not a statistical issue.

Accepted Answer

Presence refers to a statistical issue where a systematic relationship between two variables is observed in the sample, but not in the population. However, it may still be important to investigate and understand the reasons for this discrepancy in order to improve statistical analysis and inference.

Question 2

If two variables have nominal-scaling assumptions,a researcher would use what type of analysis?
A)Cross-tabulation analysis
B)Analysis of variance
C)Regression analysis
D)Multivariate analysis

Accepted Answer

Cross-tabulation analysis is the appropriate analysis technique for two variables with nominal-scaling assumptions. This analysis method is used to examine the relationship between two or more categorical variables. It involves tabulating the frequency and percentage of each category within each variable and then examining the relationship between the variables through statistical tests. Analysis of variance (B) is used for interval or ratio data when comparing means between multiple groups, regression analysis (C) is used when analyzing the relationship between a dependent and independent variable with interval or ratio data, and multivariate analysis (D) involves analyzing several variables simultaneously, which is not necessary in this case where there are only two variables.

Question 3

The greater the absolute size of the correlation coefficient,the greater is the covariation between the two variables,or the stronger is their relationship.

Accepted Answer

A larger absolute size of the correlation coefficient indicates a stronger relationship between the two variables.

Question 4

Some associative analysis statistics,such as correlations,may not indicate the strength of the relationship in a straightforward manner-that is,just by their absolute size.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Some associative analysis statistics,such as correlations,may not...

Question 5

A relationship is a consistent and systematic linkage between the levels for two scale variables or between the labels for two ordinal variables.

Accepted Answer

A relationship refers to a connection or association between two or more variables, which can be of any type (scale, ordinal, nominal, etc.), not just between levels of scale variables or labels of ordinal variables.

Question 6

Correlation will not detect ________ between variables.
A)nonlinear relationships
B)linear relationships
C)significant relationships between variables
D)parallel significance

Accepted Answer

Correlation is only capable of detecting linear relationships between variables, it cannot detect non-linear relationships. Therefore, option A is the correct answer. Option B is incorrect as linear relationships can be detected by correlation. Option C is also incorrect as significant relationships between variables can be detected by correlation. Option D is not a valid option as "parallel significance" is not a statistical concept.

Question 7

There is an orderly procedure for determining the presence,direction,and strength of a relationship,

Accepted Answer

Yes, there is a well-established methodology for determining the existence, direction, and magnitude of a relationship between two variables, which includes formulating a hypothesis, selecting the appropriate statistical analysis, and interpreting the findings.

Question 8

When a researcher ________,but still believes some relationship exists between two variables,he or she may resort to running a scatter plot.
A)finds an indication that there is an association
B)cannot calculate a significant association
C)does not find a significant or strong correlation
D)cannot justify more expensive research to find a significant correlation

Accepted Answer

If a researcher cannot find a significant or strong correlation, they may resort to running a scatter plot to visually examine the relationship between two variables. This can help them determine if there is any association between the variables, even if it is not statistically significant.

Question 9

A ________ allows a researcher to visually inspect the plotted points and possibly to spot a systematic nonlinear relationship.
A)line graph
B)stacked bar chart
C)multiple line graph
D)scatter plot

Accepted Answer

A scatter plot displays the relationship between two variables by plotting their values on a Cartesian coordinate graph, making it ideal for visually inspecting plotted points and identifying patterns in the data. It allows researchers to identify trends and patterns that may not be apparent in a table or through other forms of data visualization.

Question 10

In a linear relationship,knowledge of the amount of one variable will automatically yield knowledge of the amount of the other variable as a consequence of applying the linear or straight-line formula that is known to exist between them.

Accepted Answer

In a linear relationship, the two variables are related by a straight-line formula or equation. This means that knowledge of one variable can be used to determine the value of the other variable using this equation, making the relationship between the two variables deterministic and predictable. Therefore, the statement is true.

Question 11

Associative analyses determine whether stable relationships exist between two variables.

Accepted Answer

Associative analyses examine the relationship between two variables to determine if there is a stable association between them.

Question 12

You might be tempted to believe that more company salespeople cause more company sales or that an increase in the competitor's salesforce in a territory takes away sales.Correlation should:
A)Reaffirm that cause-and-effect relationships exist.
B)Not be interpreted to demonstrate such cause-and-effect relationships.
C)Not be interpreted to demonstrate corporate revenue would be affected.
D)Confirm that relationships between two different sales variables exist.

Accepted Answer

Correlation does not necessarily imply causation. It is possible that other factors, such as changes in market demand or pricing, are responsible for changes in sales. Therefore, correlation should not be interpreted as demonstrating cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 13

A curvilinear relationship means a very smooth curve pattern.However,it does not clearly describe the association.

Accepted Answer

A curvilinear relationship is a type of relationship where the relationship between two variables is not linear but takes the form of a curve. This curve can be any shape, such as a U-shape or an inverted U-shape. While it is true that a curvilinear relationship may not be as straightforward or easy to interpret as a linear relationship, it still describes an association between two variables. A curvilinear relationship can reveal important information about how two variables are related, particularly in situations where the relationship is not straightforward or linear.

Question 14

In a nonmonotonic relationship,only the general pattern of presence or absence is known.

Accepted Answer

In a nonmonotonic relationship, the relationship between two variables may change direction at certain points or with the introduction of new information. Therefore, it is not possible to know the exact relationship between the variables, only the general pattern of presence or absence.

Question 15

A monotonic relationship means the researcher knows the general direction(increasing or decreasing)of the relationship between two variables.

Accepted Answer

A monotonic relationship means that there is a consistent and predictable increase or decrease in one variable as the other variable changes. Therefore, the researcher knows the general direction of the relationship between the two variables.

Question 16

A handy graphical tool that illustrates a nonmonotonic relationship is a ________ in which two variables are accommodated simultaneously.
A)stacked bar chart
B)horizontal bar chart
C)grouped bar chart
D)pie chart

Accepted Answer

The answer of A handy graphical tool that illustrates a...

Question 17

Strong associations are those in which there is a high probability that the two variables will exhibit independent relationships,regardless of the type of relationship being analyzed.

Accepted Answer

Strong associations indicate a high probability that two variables will exhibit a dependent relationship, meaning that the state of one variable is likely to be related to the state of the other, rather than being independent of each other.

Question 18

There are five basic types of relationships between two variables: linear,curvilinear,elliptical,monotonic,and nonmonotonic.

Accepted Answer

There are primarily four basic types of relationships between two variables: linear, curvilinear, monotonic, and non-monotonic. Elliptical is not typically classified as a basic type of relationship in this context.

Question 19

A correlational survey was repeated many,many times and computed the average for a correlation that was not significant across all of these surveys,however,eventually the researcher would get some statistical significance.

Accepted Answer

Statistical significance in a correlation depends on the strength and consistency of the relationship between variables across studies, not just on repeating studies with non-significant results. Repeatedly conducting surveys with non-significant correlations does not guarantee that a significant result will eventually be obtained; it may simply indicate a lack of a real relationship.

Question 20

With associative analysis,the null hypothesis states there is no association(relationship)present in the population and the appropriate statistical test is applied to test this hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. The null hypothesis in associative analysis is that there is no association present in the population and statistical tests are used to test this hypothesis.

Quiz 14: Making Use of Associations Tests