Presence refers to the finding that a systematic relationship exists between the two variables of interest in the population,but is not a statistical issue.

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Presence refers to a statistical issue where a systematic relationship between two variables is observed in the sample, but not in the population. However, it may still be important to investigate and understand the reasons for this discrepancy in order to improve statistical analysis and inference.

Presence Refers to the Finding That a Systematic Relationship Exists