Question 1

Depression at the case level would be predicted in which of the following situations?

Accepted Answer

B

Question 2

Gruber and Keltner (2007) have shown that we can think of disorders as excesses of emotions. According to this perspective, an excess of disgust yields which of the following disorders?

Accepted Answer

Anorexia is an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and severe food restriction. It is thought to be caused by an excess of disgust, which can lead to a preoccupation with cleanliness, order, and control.

Question 3

Lyubomirsky et al. (2005) have suggested three factors that determine well-being. These factors are ___, ___, and ___, and they account for ___, ___, and ___, respectively, of the variability of happiness.

Accepted Answer

Lyubomirsky et al. (2005) proposed that well-being is determined by three factors: intentional activity, circumstances, and genetic set point, which account for 40%, 10%, and 50% of the variability in happiness, respectively.

Question 4

Csikszentmihalyi suggests that the state of flow, or optimal experience, can be cultivated by:

Accepted Answer

Csikszentmihalyi's concept of flow, or optimal experience, is closely associated with engaging in activities that challenge and engage the individual in a way that is both absorbing and rewarding. Living creatively allows for the exploration of new ideas and the engagement in tasks that can induce this state of flow.

Question 5

Disner et al. (2011) proposed a neurobiological theory of depression based on a presumed role that the amygdala plays in relation to memory. Specifically, they have argued that the amygdala:

Accepted Answer

Disner et al. (2011) proposed that in depression, the amygdala becomes hyperactivated. This hyperactivation leads to increased activation of connected areas such as the hippocampus, making it more likely for individuals to recall negative events.

Question 6

According to Kendler and colleagues (2003), which one of the following kinds of adversity is likely to cause a depressive or anxiety breakdown?

Accepted Answer

Kendler and colleagues (2003) identified entrapment as a significant factor likely to cause depressive or anxiety breakdowns.

Question 7

The kindling mechanism is the mechanism by which people:

Accepted Answer

The kindling mechanism suggests that individuals become increasingly susceptible to depression or episodes of a disorder with each subsequent episode, implying a lowering of the threshold for triggering an episode after each occurrence.

Question 8

According to a study by Kessler in 2005, previously married/divorced individuals are _____________ to suffer from a(n) ______________ compared to married/cohabiting individuals.

Accepted Answer

According to the study by Kessler in 2005, previously married or divorced individuals are at a higher risk of suffering from various mental health disorders, including impulse or drug disorders, depressive or anxiety-control disorders, and alcohol disorders, compared to their married or cohabiting counterparts. This encompasses all the options provided, indicating that such individuals are more vulnerable to a range of mental health issues.

Question 9

American women are more likely than American men to be afflicted by a(n) ________________.

Accepted Answer

American women are more likely than American men to be afflicted by a depressive disorder. This is supported by numerous studies indicating that women have higher rates of depression compared to men.

Question 10

Chronic psychiatric and/or physical symptoms would be predicted in which of the following situations?

Accepted Answer

Chronic psychiatric and/or physical symptoms are likely when a severe adverse event occurs, no alternative role is available, and a new role fails to be constructed, leading to prolonged stress and lack of adaptation.

Question 11

_____________ was/were recognized in 2004 by the World Health Organization as making the largest contribution to the burden of disease in middle- and high-income countries and it is/they are the leading cause of years lost due to a disability worldwide.

Accepted Answer

Depression was recognized by the World Health Organization in 2004 as making the largest contribution to the burden of disease in middle- and high-income countries and is the leading cause of years lost due to disability worldwide.

Question 12

According to Kahneman and colleagues' (2006) study, if one were to compare individuals earning $50,000-$89,999 with those in the $90,000+ income bracket, what trend would be observed and how might one account for this trend?

Accepted Answer

Kahneman and colleagues' study suggests that while higher income is generally associated with better well-being, the positive effects can be moderated by factors such as increased tension and the way individuals perceive their wealth relative to others. This means that despite the higher income, individuals in the $90,000+ bracket may not report significantly higher well-being than those in the $50,000-$89,999 bracket due to these moderating factors.

Question 13

Relationships affect whether people develop major depression in response to adversities. The general term for relationships that can protect people from disorder is social support. Typical measures of social support include all but which one of the following?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Relationships affect whether people develop major depression...

Question 14

Brewin, Dalgleish and Joseph (1996) have concluded that the chaotic nature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be explained in terms of two memory systems. Specifically Brewin and colleagues suggest that PTSD results when:

Accepted Answer

Brewin, Dalgleish, and Joseph (1996) suggest that PTSD arises from a conflict between verbal (or narrative) memory and a second memory system that is automatically triggered by situational cues, leading to involuntary and distressing re-experiencing of the traumatic event.

Question 15

Dermott, Dobson, and Jones (2010) found, in a longitudinal study, that within a year of an episode of depression coming to an end, women were more likely to relapse into another episode of depression if they had:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dermott, Dobson, and Jones (2010) found, in...

Question 16

The main treatment for depression is drugs, of which the principal kinds are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The drugs function by ____________________________. Irving Kirsch's (2009) meta-analysis of SSRI drug trials suggests that, compared with placebos, SSRIs have ________________ effect on depression.

Accepted Answer

SSRIs work by reducing the reabsorption of serotonin, allowing it to remain in synapses longer. Kirsch's meta-analysis suggests SSRIs have either no effect or a tiny effect compared to placebos.

Question 17

Early experience affects people's susceptibility to emotional disorders in childhood. Brown and Harris (1978) reported that a person who loses a mother in childhood is more likely than a person who has not lost his or her mother to develop depression. The most likely interpretation of this finding according to the textbook is that the _______________ leaves individuals vulnerable to developing depression.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Early experience affects people's susceptibility to emotional...

Question 18

The category of anxiety disorders includes all but which one of the following?

Accepted Answer

Acute episodic stress is not categorized as an anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders include conditions like obsessions and compulsions (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and panic attacks, which are characterized by persistent and excessive fear or worry. Acute episodic stress refers to frequent episodes of acute stress, not a specific anxiety disorder.

Quiz 13: Mental Well-Being and Disorder in Adulthood