Question 1

Parent-offspring conflict theory identified the important arena of __________.
A) genetic conflicts between parent and child only when siblings are present
B) the greater importance of conflicts between parent and child in early childhood
C) conflict between parents and child due to their sharing fewer genes with each other than they do with themselves
D) parental benefits of conflicts between siblings

Accepted Answer

Parent-offspring conflict theory suggests that conflicts arise because parents and offspring share only half of their genes, leading to differing evolutionary interests.

Question 2

Which of the following supports the hypothesis that men's mating and parenting efforts are traded off against one another?
A) Men's self-perceived mate value is positively correlated with flirting behavior and negatively correlated with attention paid to offspring.
B) Women prefer, as long-term mates, men who are more paternal.
C) Men who are married with children report lower energy levels than single men.
D) Children feel more emotionally close to men who are lower in mate value.

Accepted Answer

Men's self-perceived mate value being positively correlated with flirting behavior and negatively correlated with attention paid to offspring suggests that men may prioritize mating efforts over parenting efforts when they perceive themselves as having high mate value.

Question 3

Which of the following is true of how parents feel about their children based on their facial similarity?
A) Mothers and fathers feel equally emotionally close to all their children, regardless of resemblance.
B) The more offspring resemble them, the more mothers and fathers feel emotionally close to them.
C) Mothers feel more emotionally close to offspring who resemble them while fathers feel equally close to all their offspring regardless of resemblance.
D) Fathers feel more emotionally close to offspring who resemble them while mothers feel equally close to all their offspring regardless of resemblance.

Accepted Answer

Fathers tend to feel more emotionally close to children who resemble them due to evolutionary reasons related to paternal certainty, while mothers generally feel equally close to all their children regardless of resemblance.

Question 4

In a study of adolescents, researchers found that suicide attempts __________.
A) may be strategies for extracting investment from parents
B) occur among adolescents with the highest mate value to extract extra investment from their mates
C) may be used as a means for adolescents to leave a romantic relationship without hard feelings
D) represent ways in which an adolescent can exert control over his or her body

Accepted Answer

Researchers suggest that suicide attempts may be strategies for extracting investment from parents, as they can be seen as a cry for help or a way to gain attention and resources from caregivers.

Question 5

As parents age, parents _____________ to children precisely when the children___________ to the parents.
A) are less and less valuable; are more and more valuable
B) are more important; are less important
C) are more and more valuable; are less and less valuable
D) are less important; are less important

Accepted Answer

As parents age, they often become less capable of providing support, making them less valuable in practical terms to their children. Conversely, children become more valuable to aging parents as they often need more support and care.

Question 6

Aka fathers hold their children more than fathers in any other culture, but __________.
A) they have the highest rates of paternity certainty
B) they have the highest rates of paternity uncertainty
C) they hold their children significantly less than Aka mothers
D) fathers resent their time spent holding because they claim that they would rather be hunting

Accepted Answer

Aka fathers hold their children more than fathers in any other culture, but they still hold their children significantly less than Aka mothers.

Question 7

___________ women are more likely than ___________ to commit infanticide.
A) Older; younger
B) Younger; older
C) Married; single
D) Married; younger

Accepted Answer

Younger women are statistically more likely to commit infanticide than older women, often due to factors like lack of support, financial instability, or unplanned pregnancies.

Question 8

Under ___________ parents should invest more in an ill child than in a healthy child, because ____________.
A) some conditions; the same unit of investment benefits the ill child more than the healthy child
B) all conditions; the same unit of investment benefits the ill child more than the healthy child
C) most conditions; the same unit of investment benefits the ill child more than the healthy child
D) some conditions; the same unit of investment does not benefit the ill child more than the healthy child

Accepted Answer

Under some conditions, investing more in an ill child is justified if the investment yields greater benefits for the ill child compared to a healthy child.

Question 9

Aka men of higher status devote___________ effort holding their infants than do men of lower status.
A) more than double the
B) more than five times the
C) less than half of the
D) five times less

Accepted Answer

Men of higher status devote less than half of the effort holding their infants compared to men of lower status.

Question 10

In one twin study, by eight months after giving birth, every single mother had directed more positive maternal behavior toward __________.
A) the first-born twin
B) the last-born twin
C) the twin with more health problems
D) the healthier twin

Accepted Answer

Mothers tend to direct more positive maternal behavior toward the healthier twin, possibly due to the perception that the healthier child has a better chance of survival and thriving.

Question 11

Parent-offspring conflict theory was proposed by __________.
A) Hamilton
B) Daly
C) Haig
D) Trivers

Accepted Answer

Parent-offspring conflict theory was proposed by Robert Trivers.

Question 12

Men __________ with a woman's child before they are married than after, suggesting that men channel investment toward the child in an effort to ___________.
A) interact more; attract the woman
B) interact less; reduce his fitness costs
C) interact more; win the child's affections
D) interact less; increase his fitness

Accepted Answer

Men interact more with a woman's child before marriage to attract the woman, as this behavior can demonstrate commitment and increase the likelihood of forming a long-term relationship.

Question 13

The risk of being murdered by a genetic parent or stepparent ____________ with the age of the child.
A) increases slightly
B) does not change
C) decreases
D) increases

Accepted Answer

The risk of being murdered by a genetic parent or stepparent generally decreases as the child gets older. This is because younger children are more vulnerable and dependent, making them more susceptible to harm from caregivers.

Question 14

The primary caretaker hypothesis states that __________.
A) whichever parent engages in most of the caretaking will also be the one more likely to engage in extra-pair mating
B) women's psychological mechanisms for caretaking remain dormant until the birth of their first child
C) men have adaptations that increase the chances of their children's survival
D) women have adaptations that increase the chances of their children's survival

Accepted Answer

The primary caretaker hypothesis suggests that women have evolved specific adaptations to enhance the survival of their offspring, as they have historically been the primary caregivers.

Question 15

When viewing pictures of babies, _________________; when viewing pictures of babies with their mothers, _____________________.
A) women's eyes dilated less than men's; women's eyes dilated less than men's
B) women's eyes dilated more than men's; women's eyes dilated more than men's
C) women's eyes dilated less than men's; women's eyes dilated more than men's
D) women's eyes dilated more than men's; women's eyes dilated less than men's

Accepted Answer

The answer of When viewing pictures of babies, _________________; when...

Question 16

Which hypothesis predicts that women will be better than men at decoding all facial expressions of emotion?
A) fitness threat hypothesis
B) attachment promotion hypothesis
C) tend-and-befriend hypothesis
D) alloparenting hypothesis

Accepted Answer

The attachment promotion hypothesis suggests that women are better at decoding facial expressions to enhance social bonding and caregiving, which is crucial for attachment and nurturing roles.

Question 17

Which hypothesis states that women possess adaptations which allow them to protect children from danger as well as maintain social ties that can provide protection?
A) fitness threat hypothesis
B) attachment promotion hypothesis
C) tend-and-befriend hypothesis
D) alloparenting hypothesis

Accepted Answer

The tend-and-befriend hypothesis suggests that women have evolved adaptations to protect offspring and maintain social networks for mutual defense and support.

Question 18

According to parent-offspring conflict theory, which of the following conditions should produce the highest level of conflict between a mother and her child?
A) presence of a younger sibling
B) presence of a younger half-sibling
C) presence of a stepfather
D) father is of lower socioeconomic status

Accepted Answer

The presence of a younger half-sibling should produce the highest level of conflict because the child shares less genetic material with a half-sibling compared to a full sibling, leading to greater competition for parental resources.

Question 19

Parent-offspring conflict predicts that __________.
A) selection will favor adaptations in parents to manipulate children to accept greater levels of investment than they are willing to accept
B) selection will favor adaptations in children to manipulate parents toward children's optimum level of investment
C) parents will wean children later than children prefer
D) parents will encourage competition between siblings as a means of sizing up where the parents' investment is best allocated

Accepted Answer

Selection will favor adaptations in children to manipulate parents toward children's optimum level of investment.

Question 20

The Trivers-Willard hypothesis predicts that __________.
A) in polyandrous mating systems, parents will bias investment toward daughters in better conditions
B) parents will invest more in sons when the parents are in good condition
C) in polyandrous mating systems, parents will bias investment toward sons in poor conditions
D) parents will invest more in sons when the parents are in poor conditions

Accepted Answer

The Trivers-Willard hypothesis suggests that parents in good condition will invest more in sons, as sons have the potential for greater reproductive success when conditions are favorable.

Quiz 7: Problems of Parenting

Parent-offspring conflict theory identified the important arena of __________.

Which of the following supports the hypothesis that men's mating and parenting efforts are traded off against one another?

Which of the following is true of how parents feel about their children based on their facial similarity?

In a study of adolescents, researchers found that suicide attempts __________.

As parents age, parents ___ to children precisely when the children_ to the parents.

Aka fathers hold their children more than fathers in any other culture, but __________.

_ women are more likely than _ to commit infanticide.

Under _ parents should invest more in an ill child than in a healthy child, because __.

Aka men of higher status devote___________ effort holding their infants than do men of lower status.

In one twin study, by eight months after giving birth, every single mother had directed more positive maternal behavior toward __________.

Parent-offspring conflict theory was proposed by __________.

Men with a woman's child before they are married than after, suggesting that men channel investment toward the child in an effort to _.

The risk of being murdered by a genetic parent or stepparent ____________ with the age of the child.

The primary caretaker hypothesis states that __________.

When viewing pictures of babies, _; when viewing pictures of babies with their mothers, _____.

Which hypothesis predicts that women will be better than men at decoding all facial expressions of emotion?

Which hypothesis states that women possess adaptations which allow them to protect children from danger as well as maintain social ties that can provide protection?

According to parent-offspring conflict theory, which of the following conditions should produce the highest level of conflict between a mother and her child?

Parent-offspring conflict predicts that __________.

The Trivers-Willard hypothesis predicts that __________.