Question 1

Cultural affiliation under NAGPRA is determined by:

Accepted Answer

Cultural affiliation under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) is determined by a combination of anthropological, archaeological, folklore, oral tradition, geographical, and historical evidence.

Question 2

Archaeologists must balance the need for development with the need to protect precious archaeological resources. In the example of Machu Picchu

Accepted Answer

Archaeologists aim to make tourism sustainable in a manner that preserves the integrity and scientific value of sites like Machu Picchu, balancing public access with conservation.

Question 3

The courts ruled in the "Kennewick Man" case that the 9400-year-old human skeleton:

Accepted Answer

The courts determined that the Kennewick Man, also known as the Ancient One, was not Native American as defined under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) and could not be culturally affiliated with any of the tribes who claimed him. This decision was based on the evidence available at the time, which did not conclusively link the remains to any existing Native American tribe.

Question 4

What drives the continuation of the antiquities trade?

Accepted Answer

Wealthy collectors willing to pay high prices create a market for antiquities, driving the continuation of the trade.

Question 5

Jack Lee Harelson was a dangerous looter, illegal gun salesman and attempted murderer. In his backyard were found

Accepted Answer

Jack Lee Harelson was known for looting Native American graves, and in his backyard, authorities found baskets containing the mummified bodies of two children.

Question 6

The Antiquities Act is the foundation of all future archaeological legislation. It is not limited to archaeological sites, but includes

Accepted Answer

The Antiquities Act primarily focuses on the protection of objects of historic or scientific interest, which includes archaeological sites and artifacts, rather than infrastructure like dams, entire river basins, or institutions like museums and universities.

Question 7

The NHPA requires that the government inventory federal lands for archaeological and historic sites. As a result

Accepted Answer

The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) has led to increased employment opportunities for archaeologists within federal agencies such as the Bureau of Land Management and the National Park Service, as these agencies need professionals to help identify, evaluate, and manage archaeological and historic resources on federal lands.

Question 8

NAGPRA requires the repatriation not only of human skeletal remains, but also of:

Accepted Answer

NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act) requires the repatriation of human skeletal remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony. This encompasses all the options provided, making all of them correct.

Question 9

If you want to build something on Federal property or modify that landscape, or if you want to construct something that requires federal funding, licenses, or permits, regardless of whose property you will build it on, then you must

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is D because any project that requires federal involvement, such as funding, licenses, or permits, must comply with the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966. This act requires consideration of the impact on cultural resources, including sites that are either listed on or eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places.

Question 10

Which of the following is true of the Elgin marbles?

Accepted Answer

The Elgin Marbles were acquired by Lord Elgin and later sold to the British Museum. The legality of Elgin's original acquisition is controversial, and debates continue regarding the ethical considerations of their return to Greece.

Question 11

Although the Pentagon had promised to protect Iraqi cultural institutions, the Baghdad Museum remained unguarded. An investigation by Colonel Matthew Bogdanos, USMC concluded that

Accepted Answer

Colonel Matthew Bogdanos' investigation into the looting of the Baghdad Museum found that 40 items were stolen from the main galleries and more than 13,000 items from storage rooms, highlighting the extent of the thefts.

Question 12

NAGPRA:

Accepted Answer

NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act) mandates the return of Native American human remains, associated funerary objects, or sacred objects to culturally affiliated tribes, allowing those tribes to determine the treatment of these items, including the possibility of further study or reburial.

Question 13

Important sites exist in poor countries that cannot afford the luxuries of protecting their properties. A question brought out by the destruction of the 175-foot-tall, 1500-year-old Bamiyan Buddas by the Taliban was:

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is D because it combines both the question of whether global interest in heritage can override national sovereignty and whether international entities can dictate actions regarding cultural artifacts within a nation's borders, both of which are central to the debate following the destruction of the Bamiyan Buddhas.

Question 14

In compliance with Section 106, if sites are located during survey, determined eligible for the register, but cannot be avoided by the project, they might be

Accepted Answer

Section 106 compliance often involves "data recovery" for sites that are eligible for the register but cannot be avoided by a project. This process includes extensive excavations and analyses to preserve the archaeological and historical information before the site is impacted.

Question 15

The U.S. passed laws such as the 1983 Cultural Property Implementation Act and signed treaties with several countries that specifically prohibit the importing of artifacts without established "pedigrees.' Some of these "grandfather in" artifacts excavated before the treaty's date. This means that

Accepted Answer

The "grandfathering" provision in these laws and treaties requires that for an artifact to be legally imported, it must be proven that it was excavated or otherwise obtained in a manner that complies with the treaty, specifically before the treaty's effective date. This places the burden of proof on the importer to demonstrate the artifact's legal acquisition.

Question 16

Under NAGPRA, how is cultural affiliation of human skeletal remains and other covered items determined?

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is A because under NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act), the process for determining the cultural affiliation of human skeletal remains and other covered items prioritizes lineal descendants first, then considers the tribe on whose land the remains or objects were found, followed by the tribe with the closest cultural affiliation who stakes a claim, and finally, the tribe recognized as aboriginally occupying the land where the remains were found. This process respects familial connections, tribal sovereignty, and historical occupancy.

Question 17

NAGPRA refers to the:

Accepted Answer

NAGPRA stands for the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, a United States federal law passed in 1990 to address the rights of Native American tribes and their descendants to human remains and cultural items.

Question 18

In the 1960's the American public became concerned about resource conservation. According to the text, many who recognized that wilderness and wildlife refuges alone could not stem the effects of pollution were aroused by

Accepted Answer

Rachel Carson's book, "Silent Spring," published in 1962, played a pivotal role in raising public awareness about the environmental impact of pesticides and pollution, contributing significantly to the modern environmental movement.

Question 19

Compliance with Section 106 includes a systematic survey of the "area of potential effect" (APE). This area includes

Accepted Answer

The "area of potential effect" (APE) under Section 106 includes not only the area directly affected by a project but also areas that are anticipated to be affected after the project's completion. This ensures a comprehensive assessment of potential impacts on historic properties.

Question 20

While private CRM firms carry out most of the compliance projects, who pays for the projects?

Accepted Answer

The entity undertaking the construction project is responsible for funding compliance projects as part of their obligation to ensure that their activities do not harm cultural resources.

Quiz 15: Caring For Our Cultural Heritage