Question 1

Which of the following contributed to social and political instability in both China and Africa?
A) decreasing opium consumption
B) declining involvement in foreign trade
C) pressure from a growing population
D) increased standards of living among the peasantry

Accepted Answer

Pressure from a growing population contributed to social and political instability in both China and Africa by straining resources, increasing competition for land, and exacerbating unemployment and poverty, which in turn fueled social unrest and conflicts.

Question 2

Which of the following was a sharp contrast between millenarian revolts such as the Taiping Rebellion and orthodox institutions?
A) millenarian revolts were often led by scholars.
B) millenarian movements were inspired by Confucian, not Daoist, ideals.
C) millenarian movements were supported by militias raised by the gentry.
D) millenarian revolts often had women in leadership roles.

Accepted Answer

Millenarian revolts like the Taiping Rebellion often included progressive elements such as the inclusion of women in leadership roles, which was in sharp contrast to the male-dominated leadership of orthodox institutions of the time.

Question 3

In Restoration-period Europe, which of the following was a goal of liberal thinkers?
A) returning to pre-revolutionary patterns of political and economic authority
B) supporting individuals' right to speak, think, and act as they chose
C) exporting European innovations to other parts of the world
D) continuing to pursue political reforms without attempting economic reforms

Accepted Answer

Liberal thinkers in Restoration-period Europe emphasized the importance of individual freedoms, including the rights to free speech, thought, and action, as fundamental components of their political philosophy.

Question 4

What was one of the reasons for the collapse of the Taiping Rebellion?
A) It failed to attract strong support from the peasants.
B) It received support from western powers, which alienated the majority of the Chinese people.
C) It failed to attract strong support from the landed gentry and other elite groups.
D) Its followers were mainly Manchus, which alienated the Han Chinese majority.

Accepted Answer

The Taiping Rebellion, which lasted from 1850 to 1864, initially gained momentum due to widespread discontent among the peasants and other lower classes. However, it failed to attract support from the landed gentry and other elite groups in Chinese society. These groups were crucial for the rebellion's success, as they held significant economic and social power. Their lack of support undermined the rebellion's ability to establish a stable governance structure and effectively challenge the Qing dynasty's rule.

Question 5

How did the status of Islam in West Africa change after the establishment of the Sokoto caliphate?
A) It changed from a minority religion to the majority religion in the region.
B) It changed from an urban religion to the religion of rural pastoralists.
C) It changed from a polytheistic religion to a monotheistic religion.
D) It changed from a warlike religion to a peaceful religion.

Accepted Answer

The establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate significantly expanded the influence of Islam in West Africa, transforming it from a minority to the majority religion in the region. This was achieved through a combination of jihad, led by Usman dan Fodio, and subsequent consolidation of Islamic governance and scholarship.

Question 6

Hong Xiuquan believed that he was
A) an administrative prodigy who could reform Qing governance.
B) the heir to the tradition of Muhammad.
C) a representative leader of the Chinese peasantry.
D) Jesus's younger brother sent to rid the world of evil.

Accepted Answer

Hong Xiuquan, the leader of the Taiping Rebellion, believed he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ, sent to rid the world of evil. This belief was central to the ideology of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom he attempted to establish.

Question 7

The leaders of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Islamic revitalization movements sought to reestablish the glory of Islam through which practice?
A) abolishing slavery in all Muslim lands
B) making alliances between Islam and other religious traditions
C) increasing the Islamic presence in world markets
D) establishing new religiously based governments in lands already under Muslim control

Accepted Answer

These leaders aimed to restore the glory of Islam by founding new governments based on Islamic principles in areas already under Muslim influence, rather than through abolition of slavery, interfaith alliances, or expanding market presence.

Question 8

Which of the following groups supported Usman dan Fodio's revolt against the Hausa city-states?
A) ruling elites
B) Fulani tribes people
C) Igbo merchants
D) Hausa women

Accepted Answer

Usman dan Fodio's revolt, which led to the establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate in the early 19th century, was primarily supported by the Fulani tribespeople. The Fulani, who were largely pastoralists and felt marginalized by the Hausa city-states' ruling elites, rallied behind Usman dan Fodio's call for religious reform and social justice.

Question 9

In which of the following ways did the Zuku leader, Shaka, resemble Mongol leaders?
A) Both used cavalry and archers as the core of their military forces.
B) Both had the ability to incorporate defeated communities into the state.
C) Both were known for their ability to tolerate challenges from within their state.
D) Both came from peasant roots, rising to positions of authority based on their prowess as warriors.

Accepted Answer

Shaka Zulu, like Mongol leaders, was known for his ability to incorporate defeated communities into his state, expanding his empire and integrating various peoples into his military and administrative systems. This strategy was crucial for building a larger, more unified state.

Question 10

Viewed collectively, the actions of rebels and dissidents in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries reflected which of the following?
A) their dislike of capitalism and colonialism
B) their embrace of Enlightenment ideals and European technology
C) the level of bureaucratic organization within their own societies
D) the support they received from outside sources such as foreign missionaries

Accepted Answer

The answer of Viewed collectively, the actions of rebels and...

Question 11

The Taiping Rebellion was a nineteenth-century example of what Chinese tradition?
A) Confucian codes of administration
B) rejection of outside influences as inferior to Chinese ideas
C) millenarian peasant revolts
D) violent uprisings by members of ethnic minority groups

Accepted Answer

The Taiping Rebellion, which lasted from 1850 to 1864, was a millenarian movement led by Hong Xiuquan. It was characterized by its peasant support base and the belief in the imminent arrival of a new age. It was not primarily about Confucian administration, rejection of foreign influences, or an ethnic minority uprising, but rather a massive peasant revolt with a religious, millenarian vision.

Question 12

Which of the following groups was most attracted to Wahhabi Islam?
A) people who believed their current version of Islam was too restrictive and needed to compromise with local cultural traditions
B) people who felt threatened by new commercial activities and the increasing pace of intellectual change
C) people who belonged to Sufi sects and devoted themselves to Muslim saints
D) people who supported the power of the Ottoman Empire in the Arabian Peninsula

Accepted Answer

Wahhabi Islam appealed to those who felt threatened by the new commercial activities and the increasing pace of intellectual change, as it offered a return to what they viewed as the pure and unaltered teachings of Islam, opposing the perceived corruption and innovation in religious practices.

Question 13

The goals of European reactionaries during the Restoration period included which of the following?
A) secularization of the state
B) curtailment of royal privileges
C) rejection of change
D) reversal of the beginnings of industrialization

Accepted Answer

The goals of European reactionaries during the Restoration period primarily focused on maintaining or restoring the old social order and rejecting the changes brought about by the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, such as liberalism and nationalism. They aimed to preserve traditional structures of power, including monarchy, aristocracy, and the church, rather than promoting secularization, curtailing royal privileges, or reversing industrialization.

Question 14

Wahhabi Islam was a direct threat to the political power of which of the following?
A) the Napoleonic Empire
B) the Ottoman Empire
C) the House of Saud
D) the British Empire

Accepted Answer

Wahhabi Islam emerged as a reform movement within Islam in the 18th century, advocating for a return to the practices of the early Muslim community. It formed a pact with the House of Saud, which used Wahhabism as a religious justification for its conquests. This movement was seen as a threat to the Ottoman Empire, which was the dominant Muslim power at the time, because it challenged the Ottomans' religious legitimacy and political authority.

Question 15

The impetus of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab's Islamic reform movement was a reaction to which of the following?
A) the presence of multiple Islamic empires such as the Mughals and the Ottomans
B) the tendency of some Muslims to experiment with European ideas and technologies
C) polytheistic beliefs that had taken root among some Muslims
D) debates among representatives of different religions at the Mughal court

Accepted Answer

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab's movement, known as Wahhabism, aimed to purify Islam by returning to what he considered its original principles. He particularly targeted practices he saw as polytheistic, such as the veneration of saints and the visiting of their tombs, which he believed had corrupted the faith.

Question 16

Why did small-scale settlements in southern Africa give way to larger states during the early nineteenth century?
A) Larger states were better equipped to compete for limited land and resources.
B) Larger states were more efficient at gathering goods for trade with Europeans, and benefited from European technologies.
C) Larger states were better at utilizing agricultural land, allowing them to relieve population pressure more effectively than smaller settlements.
D) Larger states were able to experiment with new leadership styles, ending their dependence on traditional forms of political order.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why did small-scale settlements in southern Africa...

Question 17

Which of the following nineteenth-century principles derived from the revolutions of the late eighteenth century?
A) mercantilism
B) government by and for property-holding citizens
C) the emergence of international law
D) monarchical absolutism

Accepted Answer

Government by and for property-holding citizens reflects the democratic ideals that emerged from the late eighteenth-century revolutions, notably the American and French Revolutions, which emphasized the rights and roles of citizens in governance.

Question 18

During the early nineteenth century, which of the following led to a crisis in southern Africa?
A) outbreaks of epidemic disease that depleted the population
B) the introduction of opium by the British
C) overpopulation that strained the region's resource base
D) Islamic reform movements challenging existing rulers

Accepted Answer

The crisis in southern Africa during the early nineteenth century, known as the Mfecane or Difaqane, was largely due to overpopulation and competition for resources, which led to widespread warfare and displacement.

Question 19

Both Usman dan Fodio and Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab drew on which of the following inspirations for Islamic reform?
A) the rejection of the corrupting power of wealth in the established Islamic empires
B) the similarities between Islam and other Abrahamic religions
C) the life of Muhammad and early Islamic practices
D) the connections that had emerged between Islam and regional religious traditions

Accepted Answer

Both Usman dan Fodio and Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab were inspired by a desire to return to the original practices of Islam as exemplified by the life of Muhammad and the early Islamic community, rejecting what they saw as innovations and corruptions that had crept into Islamic practice over the centuries.

Question 20

Which of the following is a similarity between the goals of Hong, the leaders of the Islamic revitalization movements, and Shaka?
A) They all proposed a return to the ways of traditional Islam.
B) They all sought to restore lost harmony and perceived the present world as unjust.
C) They all rejected foreign religious ideas.
D) They all believed that lack of harmony was caused by foreign rule.

Accepted Answer

All three leaders, Hong Xiuquan of the Taiping Rebellion, leaders of Islamic revitalization movements, and Shaka Zulu, sought to restore a sense of lost harmony in their societies, viewing the contemporary state of affairs as unjust or out of balance. This goal reflects a common desire to address societal issues and injustices, albeit through different ideologies and methods.

Quiz 16: Alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century

Which of the following contributed to social and political instability in both China and Africa?

Which of the following was a sharp contrast between millenarian revolts such as the Taiping Rebellion and orthodox institutions?

In Restoration-period Europe, which of the following was a goal of liberal thinkers?

What was one of the reasons for the collapse of the Taiping Rebellion?

How did the status of Islam in West Africa change after the establishment of the Sokoto caliphate?

Hong Xiuquan believed that he was

The leaders of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Islamic revitalization movements sought to reestablish the glory of Islam through which practice?

Which of the following groups supported Usman dan Fodio's revolt against the Hausa city-states?

In which of the following ways did the Zuku leader, Shaka, resemble Mongol leaders?

Viewed collectively, the actions of rebels and dissidents in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries reflected which of the following?

The Taiping Rebellion was a nineteenth-century example of what Chinese tradition?

Which of the following groups was most attracted to Wahhabi Islam?

The goals of European reactionaries during the Restoration period included which of the following?

Wahhabi Islam was a direct threat to the political power of which of the following?

The impetus of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab's Islamic reform movement was a reaction to which of the following?

Why did small-scale settlements in southern Africa give way to larger states during the early nineteenth century?

Which of the following nineteenth-century principles derived from the revolutions of the late eighteenth century?

During the early nineteenth century, which of the following led to a crisis in southern Africa?

Both Usman dan Fodio and Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab drew on which of the following inspirations for Islamic reform?

Which of the following is a similarity between the goals of Hong, the leaders of the Islamic revitalization movements, and Shaka?