Question 1

Correlational Designs Conway and Rubin (1991) measured responses to 27 statements about
Reasons for watching television and identified six different groups of
Statements that were strongly intercorrelated.Which statistical procedure did
They use?

Accepted Answer

Conway and Rubin used factor analysis to identify the underlying factors among the 27 statements about reasons for watching television. Factor analysis is a statistical technique used to identify underlying factors or dimensions that explain the correlation among a set of variables.

Question 2

Correlational Designs Chaplin et al found that firmness of handshake and positivity of first
Impressions were correlated r = .56.Which statistic estimates the amount of
Variability in first impressions ratings that can be accounted for by handshake
Firmness?

Accepted Answer

The coefficient of determination, also known as R-squared, estimates the proportion of variability in one variable that can be explained by another variable in a regression model. In this case, the firmness of handshake is the predictor variable and the positivity of first impressions is the outcome variable. Therefore, the coefficient of determination would estimate the amount of variability in first impressions ratings that can be accounted for by handshake firmness.

Question 3

Correlational Designs The coefficient of determination is represented by the symbol

Accepted Answer

The coefficient of determination is represented by the symbol $r^2$. It measures the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable(s).

Question 4

Correlational Designs A negative correlation between marijuana use and student motivation does
Not prove that marijuana lowers motivation because

Accepted Answer

Correlations are not causal and could be influenced by other variables not accounted for. Depression could affect both variables, and the relationship could be bidirectional, with each variable influencing the other. Therefore, all of the options are possible explanations for the negative correlation observed.

Question 5

Correlational Designs Which of these can we use to determine whether there is a relationship
Among three or more measured behaviors?

Accepted Answer

Multiple correlation is the best choice for determining whether there is a relationship among three or more measured behaviors. This statistical technique allows us to examine the relationship between a dependent variable and multiple independent variables. It provides an overall measure of the strength and direction of the relationship between the variables.

Question 6

Correlational Designs Cohen (1988) has argued that a coefficient of determination of ___ or more
Indicates a strong association between two variables.

Accepted Answer

Cohen (1988) argued that a coefficient of determination (r^2) of .25 or more indicates a strong association between two variables. This means that 25% or more of the variance in one variable is predictable from the variance in the other variable.

Question 7

Correlational Designs Which of the following does not describe a correlational study?

Accepted Answer

Correlational studies cannot infer causation, but rather only measure the relationship or association between two variables.

Question 8

Correlational Designs ____ estimates the amount of variability in scores on one variable that
Can be explained by another variable.

Accepted Answer

The coefficient of determination in correlational designs estimates the amount of variability in scores on one variable that can be explained by another variable. Choices A, B, and C are all types of correlational designs, but only choice D directly corresponds to the described function.

Question 9

Correlational Designs If SAT scores and first year college grades are positively correlated because
Both reflect learning in high school, this would illustrate the ____ problem.

Accepted Answer

The fact that SAT scores and first year college grades are positively correlated suggests that there is a third variable that is influencing both (such as high school learning or academic aptitude). This is known as the third variable problem.

Question 10

Correlational Designs When the correlation between X and Y is ____, prediction using a
Regression equation is most accurate.

Accepted Answer

When the correlation between X and Y is high, it indicates a strong linear relationship between the two variables. This means that the values of Y can be accurately predicted based on the values of X using a regression equation.

Question 11

Correlational Designs If depression increases alcohol consumption and alcohol consumption
Worsens depression, we could not infer a causal relationship due to the
____ problem.

Accepted Answer

The bidirectional causation problem refers to the difficulty in determining the direction of cause and effect in a relationship where both variables seem to influence each other, as in the case of depression and alcohol consumption.

Question 12

Correlational Designs Which relationship best illustrates a negative correlation?

Accepted Answer

Automobile engine size and fuel economy have a negative correlation, as larger engine sizes result in lower fuel economy.

Question 13

Correlational Designs The ____ problem prevents us from drawing causal conclusions because
Two correlated variables affect each other.

Accepted Answer

The bidirectional causation problem refers to the difficulty in determining which variable is the cause and which is the effect when two variables affect each other, preventing clear causal conclusions in correlational studies.

Question 14

Correlational Designs When computing linear regression, Y' is the

Accepted Answer

Y' represents the predicted score based on the linear regression equation, which includes the predictor variable(s) and their respective coefficients.

Question 15

Correlational Designs If there is a +.20 correlation between SAT scores and high school GPA, SAT
Scores account for ___% of the fluctuation in GPA.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Correlational Designs If there is a +.20...

Question 16

Correlational Designs We need all of the following to calculate Y' using linear regression except the

Accepted Answer

To calculate $Y'$ (the predicted value of Y) using linear regression, you need the mean of X (to center the scores), the mean of Y (to calculate the regression line's intercept), and a specific score on variable X (to predict $Y'$). The actual score on variable Y is not needed for the prediction; it's what you're trying to predict.

Question 17

Correlational Designs Researchers can use ____ to estimate the score on one variable when
We only know their score on a second variable.

Accepted Answer

Linear regression analysis is used to estimate the score on one variable when we only know their score on a second variable. Multiple correlation and multiple regression both involve the use of multiple predictor variables, which is not indicated in the question. The coefficient of determination is a measure of how well the regression line fits the data and does not directly estimate scores on one variable based on scores on another variable.

Question 18

Correlational Designs Multiple correlation is represented by the symbol

Accepted Answer

The symbol for multiple correlation is R.

Question 19

Correlational Designs Which statistic would a researcher use when measuring the relationships
Among age, television viewing, and vocabulary?

Accepted Answer

Multiple correlation is used when a researcher wants to measure the relationship between one dependent variable and two or more independent variables. In this case, the relationship among age (an independent variable), television viewing (another independent variable), and vocabulary (the dependent variable) is being examined, making multiple correlation the appropriate statistical method.

Question 20

Correlational Designs If time spent watching television and scores on a vocabulary were correlated,
We could plug in a subject's viewing time and use ____ to predict
Vocabulary test performance.

Accepted Answer

Linear regression analysis would be the best choice because it allows us to make predictions about one variable based on the relationship with another variable. In this case, we can use the amount of time spent watching TV to predict a person's vocabulary test performance through a regression equation.

Quiz 5: Alternatives to Experimentation: Correlational and Quasi-Experimental Designs

Correlational Designs Conway and Rubin (1991) measured responses to 27 statements about Reasons for watching television and identified six different groups of Statements that were strongly intercorrelated.Which statistical procedure did They use?

Correlational Designs Chaplin et al found that firmness of handshake and positivity of first Impressions were correlated r = .56.Which statistic estimates the amount of Variability in first impressions ratings that can be accounted for by handshake Firmness?

Correlational Designs The coefficient of determination is represented by the symbol

Correlational Designs A negative correlation between marijuana use and student motivation does Not prove that marijuana lowers motivation because

Correlational Designs Which of these can we use to determine whether there is a relationship Among three or more measured behaviors?

Correlational Designs Cohen (1988) has argued that a coefficient of determination of ___ or more Indicates a strong association between two variables.

Correlational Designs Which of the following does not describe a correlational study?

Correlational Designs ____ estimates the amount of variability in scores on one variable that Can be explained by another variable.

Correlational Designs If SAT scores and first year college grades are positively correlated because Both reflect learning in high school, this would illustrate the ____ problem.

Correlational Designs When the correlation between X and Y is ____, prediction using a Regression equation is most accurate.

Correlational Designs If depression increases alcohol consumption and alcohol consumption Worsens depression, we could not infer a causal relationship due to the ____ problem.

Correlational Designs Which relationship best illustrates a negative correlation?

Correlational Designs The ____ problem prevents us from drawing causal conclusions because Two correlated variables affect each other.

Correlational Designs When computing linear regression, Y' is the

Correlational Designs If there is a +.20 correlation between SAT scores and high school GPA, SAT Scores account for ___% of the fluctuation in GPA.

Correlational Designs We need all of the following to calculate Y' using linear regression except the

Correlational Designs Researchers can use ____ to estimate the score on one variable when We only know their score on a second variable.

Correlational Designs Multiple correlation is represented by the symbol

Correlational Designs Which statistic would a researcher use when measuring the relationships Among age, television viewing, and vocabulary?

Correlational Designs If time spent watching television and scores on a vocabulary were correlated, We could plug in a subject's viewing time and use ____ to predict Vocabulary test performance.