Question 1

According to Kelly,individual differences in personality can be traced to all of the following sources except one.Which one?
A)The number of constructs in a person's construct system.
B)The way a person organizes the constructs in his or her construct system.
C)The person's level of motivation to make sense out of the world.
D)The kinds of constructs in a person's construct system.

Accepted Answer

Kelly believed that individual differences in personality are the result of the way a person organizes their construct system, the number and kinds of constructs in the system, and the person's experiences and interactions with the environment. However, motivation to make sense out of the world was not listed as a source of individual differences in personality.

Question 2

According to Kelly,personal constructs
A)consist of a number of possible classifications ranging from one extreme to another.
B)are basically the same for all people.
C)can be expressed in words.
D)are bipolar.

Accepted Answer

D

Question 3

According to Kelly,construct systems are never perfect. When constructs fail us as we try to predict events,
A)old constructs are selected out of the system.
B)healthy people fail to consider new information.
C)new constructs are constantly generated to replace the old ones.
D)it lessens our ability to predict what will happen the next time.

Accepted Answer

According to Kelly, construct systems are never perfect and when constructs fail us as we try to predict events, new constructs are constantly generated to replace the old ones. Therefore, option C is the correct answer. The other options do not accurately reflect what Kelly believed about construct systems.

Question 4

According to Kelly,psychological problems are caused by
A)past traumatic experiences.
B)unloving parents.
C)faulty construct systems.
D)using irrational logic to explain events.

Accepted Answer

Kelly believed that psychological problems are caused by faulty construct systems, meaning that individuals have created inaccurate or incomplete ways of understanding and interpreting their experiences. This leads to difficulties in adapting to new situations and can result in anxiety, depression, or other psychological problems. Kelly did not focus on past traumatic experiences or unloving parents as primary causes of psychological issues, and he did not emphasize the use of irrational logic as a primary cause.

Question 5

Which of the following was advocated by George Kelly?
A)People are largely controlled by the environmental stimuli they encounter.
B)People are motivated to make sense out of all the stimuli that impinge on them.
C)People are happier when they accept that life is full of unexpected turns and surprises.
D)Most of what determines our behavior is not readily accessible to consciousness.

Accepted Answer

George Kelly's theory of personal constructs emphasizes that people are motivated to make sense out of the stimuli they encounter and use personal constructs (cognitive structures) to interpret and predict events. This is a key aspect of his theory of personal construct psychology. Options A, C, and D are not consistent with Kelly's perspective.

Question 6

According to Kelly,anxiety results when
A)people become aware of inconsistencies between the actual self and the ideal self.
B)people can't predict future events.
C)defense mechanisms fail.
D)people use faulty logic in arriving at self-defeating conclusions about themselves.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Kelly,anxiety results when
A)people become aware...

Question 7

Patsy is not sure how her teacher will react to watch she wrote on her assignment. She's unable to predict what will happen when the paper is returned. According to personal construct theory,
A)anxiety is likely to accompany Patsy's thoughts.
B)Patsy's constructs will likely fail to become impermeable.
C)Patsy's construct system matches the ideal system instead of the real system.
D)it will become impossible to modify Patsy's construct system.

Accepted Answer

According to personal construct theory, anxiety is likely to accompany uncertain situations where an individual is unable to predict the outcome. Since Patsy is unsure how her teacher will react, she is experiencing anxiety. Option B is incorrect because impermeable constructs refer to those that are resistant to change, and there is no indication that Patsy's constructs are failing to become impermeable. Option C is incorrect because there is no mention of Patsy's construct system matching the ideal system. Option D is incorrect because construct systems are believed to be modifiable and subject to change over time.

Question 8

Which of the following is true about the cognitive processes that produce behavior?
A)Behaviorists argued that the situation is processed in the "black box."
B)The processing that takes place between situation and response is of little importance.
C)Cognitive-affective units are equally accessible from memory.
D)Cognitive theorists acknowledge that the situation often initiates behavior.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive theorists acknowledge that the situation often initiates behavior. While cognitive processes do play a role in producing behavior, cognitive theorists recognize that the situation or environment can also play a significant role in initiating behavior. This is in contrast to the behaviorist perspective, which argued that the situation was processed in the "black box" and that the processing that takes place between situation and response is of little importance. Additionally, cognitive-affective units are not necessarily equally accessible from memory, as some may be more salient or memorable than others.

Question 9

Psychologist William James once referred to what the world looks like to a baby as
A)"magical objects in space."
B)a "blur of colors and faces."
C)a "bussing, blooming confusion."
D)"totally out of focus."

Accepted Answer

The answer of Psychologist William James once referred to what...

Question 10

Which of the following is correct about cognitive-affective units?
A)They are basically the same for everyone.
B)They are equally accessible in memory.
C)How we interpret a situation depends on which cognitive-affective units are activated.
D)Cognitive therapists try to reduce the number of cognitive-affective units in their clients.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive-affective units are not the same for everyone and are not equally accessible in memory. How we interpret situations depends on which cognitive-affective units are activated. Cognitive therapists do not try to reduce the number of cognitive-affective units, but rather aim to help clients identify and challenge maladaptive thoughts and beliefs.

Question 11

According to Kelly,well-adjusted people
A)have stable construct systems that they know will almost always allow them to predict events.
B)have relatively few, but very efficient, personal constructs.
C)constantly replace old, inadequate constructs with new ones.
D)can readily describe in a few words the constructs they use.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Kelly,well-adjusted people
A)have stable construct systems...

Question 12

Cognitive personality researchers have looked at each of the following kinds of cognitive-affect units except one. Which one?
A)Encodings
B)Categories
C)Reinforcement values
D)Personal constructs

Accepted Answer

Cognitive personality researchers have studied encodings, categories and personal constructs as cognitive-affect units, but reinforcement values have not been extensively studied in this context.

Question 13

Which of the following would most likely be of interest to a theorist from the cognitive approach?
A)The impact of delaying reinforcement on responding
B)The number of words recalled from memory
C)The effect of self-concept on daily mood
D)The best techniques for uncovering unconscious thoughts

Accepted Answer

A theorist from the cognitive approach would be most interested in studying mental processes such as memory, attention, and problem-solving. Therefore, the number of words recalled from memory would be a topic of interest. The other options are more relevant to other approaches, such as behaviorism (A) or psychoanalysis (D), or social psychology (C).

Question 14

To obtain a sense of predictability,Kelly suggests that we engage in
A)theory construction.
B)template matching.
C)scientific discovery.
D)hypothesis testing.

Accepted Answer

Kelly suggests that we try to match incoming information to previous templates or mental models in order to make sense of the world and create a sense of predictability. This involves recognizing patterns and similarities in new experiences and connecting them to existing knowledge and expectations. Template matching is therefore the best choice among the given options.

Question 15

Jason is experiencing anxiety and adjustment problems with his new job.According to Kelly,this is probably because Jason
A)has not yet developed constructs that will allow him to deal with the new people and situations he encounters.
B)is unable to understand the way other people construe the world.
C)has had difficulty in this type of situation before.
D)is not yet motivated enough to develop hypotheses about how things operate in this new environment.

Accepted Answer

According to Kelly's personal construct theory, anxiety and adjustment problems arise when an individual does not yet have constructs (mental frameworks) to understand and deal with new people and situations. This suggests that Jason may be struggling because he has not yet developed constructs to make sense of his new job.

Question 16

Cognitive personality researchers have looked at each of the following kinds of mental representations except one. Which one?
A)Self-schemas
B)Possible selves
C)Personal constructs
D)Self-efficacy

Accepted Answer

Cognitive personality researchers have looked at self-schemas (organized beliefs about oneself), possible selves (future selves one hopes or fears becoming), and personal constructs (mental categories used to understand and categorize the world around us). Self-efficacy, however, is a construct within social-cognitive theory that relates to one's belief in their own ability to succeed at a task. While it is related to cognitive processes, it is not a mental representation in the same sense as the others listed.

Question 17

Kelly presented a "man-as-scientist" conception of human personality,meaning that
A)no scientist can understand a person better than that person understands himself or herself.
B)the human personality can be examined through scientific methods.
C)people constantly try to predict and control the events in their lives.
D)the best way to obtain answers to our questions about human personality is to examine a single individual in depth.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kelly presented a "man-as-scientist" conception of human...

Question 18

The cognitive approach to personality explains differences in personality as differences in the way people
A)respond to reinforcement.
B)process information.
C)think about their past.
D)dream.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive approach to personality focuses on how individuals process information, which can lead to differences in personality traits and behavior. This includes how they perceive, interpret, and make judgments about the world around them. Responses to reinforcement, thoughts about the past, and dreaming may all be influenced by cognitive processes, but they are not the primary focus of the cognitive approach to personality.

Question 19

Kelly suggested that the better we understand another person's construct system,the better
A)chance we will have of forming a romantic relationship.
B)we will enjoy one another.
C)chance we will have for psychological health.
D)we will get along.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kelly suggested that the better we understand...

Question 20

Joshua classifies each person he meets as either sensitive or insensitive. A cognitive personality theorist would probably say that sensitive-insensitive is an example of a
A)personal construct.
B)prototype.
C)self-schema.
D)possible self.

Accepted Answer

The sensitive-insensitive classification is an example of a personal construct, which is a way that individuals organize and interpret their experiences of the world. As Joshua encounters different people, he is using his personal construct of sensitivity to categorize them.

Quiz 15: The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment

According to Kelly,individual differences in personality can be traced to all of the following sources except one.Which one?

According to Kelly,personal constructs

According to Kelly,construct systems are never perfect. When constructs fail us as we try to predict events,

According to Kelly,psychological problems are caused by

Which of the following was advocated by George Kelly?

According to Kelly,anxiety results when

Patsy is not sure how her teacher will react to watch she wrote on her assignment. She's unable to predict what will happen when the paper is returned. According to personal construct theory,

Which of the following is true about the cognitive processes that produce behavior?

Psychologist William James once referred to what the world looks like to a baby as

Which of the following is correct about cognitive-affective units?

According to Kelly,well-adjusted people

Cognitive personality researchers have looked at each of the following kinds of cognitive-affect units except one. Which one?

Which of the following would most likely be of interest to a theorist from the cognitive approach?

To obtain a sense of predictability,Kelly suggests that we engage in

Jason is experiencing anxiety and adjustment problems with his new job.According to Kelly,this is probably because Jason

Cognitive personality researchers have looked at each of the following kinds of mental representations except one. Which one?

Kelly presented a "man-as-scientist" conception of human personality,meaning that

The cognitive approach to personality explains differences in personality as differences in the way people

Kelly suggested that the better we understand another person's construct system,the better

Joshua classifies each person he meets as either sensitive or insensitive. A cognitive personality theorist would probably say that sensitive-insensitive is an example of a