Question 1

What are the four factors that Bandura finds necessary for observational learning?

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Question 2

In what ways might higher-order conditioning explain why some words trigger emotional responses in us?
(a) Give an example of a positive response that could be formed through higher-order conditioning.
(b) Give an example of a negative response that could be formed through higher-order conditioning.
(c) In what ways might higher-order conditioning contribute to racism and prejudice?

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Question 3

What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

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Question 4

What important factor in learning is Robert Rescorla best known for?

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Question 5

Distinguish between the concepts of punishment of application and punishment by removal.

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Question 6

One day as your professor is driving to work, another driver runs through a red light and hits his car. The professor is shaken up but survives the incident. However, the next time he starts to enter the intersection, he becomes nervous and fearful. Soon, he starts going to work via another route to avoid the intersection even though this route adds twenty minutes to his commute in each direction.
According to the principles of classical conditioning, why does the professor become scared of the previously harmless intersection? What can he do about this, as going via the other route is very time consuming? Be specific. Break down the situation into its parts, and show how the principles of learning apply.

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Question 7

Define learning. Given this definition, what types of behaviors would not be considered learning? What types of behaviors would be included?

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Question 8

Give an example of a conditioned taste aversion.

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Question 9

Explain what learned helplessness is and describe how it develops. Also discuss the effects it has on people and animals once it is established.

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Question 10

What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

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Question 11

After graduating from college, you are hired to work in a factory overseas as an industrial psychologist. The workers put together iPads. The boss wants to know the best pay schedule to get the maximum number of pieces made by his workers. The boss wants you to describe various schedules of payment to him and tell which might be best for the plant. Using the principles of operant conditioning, describe the various pay schedules and what would be the best one for his goal of getting the most production.

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Question 12

Why is money such a powerful secondary reinforcer? Why isn't it a primary reinforcer?

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Question 13

Give an example of latent learning that you might see in your own life.

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Question 14

Describe Pavlov's classical conditioning studies in terms of the UCS, UCR, CS, CR and his results. Briefly discuss two examples of classical conditioning in your own life, naming the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR.

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Question 15

Give an example of each of the four schedules of partial reinforcement, and comment on which schedule would be most likely to result in lasting behavioral change.

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Question 16

List three potential problem outcomes of misusing punishment with children.

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Question 17

Explain the concept of conditioned taste aversions and how it might be applied to people undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatments for cancer.

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Question 18

What is the Law of Effect and who was responsible for its conceptualization?

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Question 19

Think about our prison systems. Many folks think the role of the prison system is to punish people who break the law, and that we should have more prisons to punish more people. But let's look at what happens to the average burglar. If (s)he is caught, (s)he will probably not go to trial for a year or two, and then is likely to get probation or a light sentence. If (s)he does go to prison, (s)he is unlikely to learn any useful skills and will meet other criminals who will probably not be good role models. Additionally, (s)he may not end up serving his/her entire sentence due to overcrowding conditions in prisons. Given what you know about operant learning principles, reinforcement, and punishment, critique the way our current prison system works and suggest some better ideas. Be sure to be specific about the principles that you have learned from our textbook.

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Question 20

How can you tell the difference between an interval and a ratio schedule of partial reinforcement?

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Quiz 5: Learning