Question 1

You are preparing to give an 18-month-old child the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. The child's mother informs you that a relative who is HIV-positive has just moved into the home with this family. What is your best action?

Accepted Answer

The best action would be to have the HIV-positive person contact their healthcare provider before giving the vaccine. This is because live vaccines, such as the MMR vaccine, can pose a risk to individuals with weakened immune systems, including those who are HIV-positive. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider who is familiar with the individual's medical history and can provide guidance on whether the vaccine can be safely administered.

Question 2

Which type of immunity serves to protect against day-to-day pathogen exposure?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity is the type of immunity that serves to protect against day-to-day pathogen exposure. This includes physical barriers (such as skin and mucous membranes), chemical barriers (such as stomach acid and enzymes in tears), and cells that can quickly respond to pathogens (such as neutrophils and macrophages). Natural immunity and acquired immunity both refer to specific types of immune responses, while supplemental immunity is not a recognized term in immunology.

Question 3

In acquired immunity, what is the body's response to antigen exposure?

Accepted Answer

In acquired immunity, the body produces an antibody response to the exposure of antigens. This response is initiated by the activation of B cells, which produce antibodies specific to the antigen. These antibodies then bind to and neutralize or eliminate the antigen. This process is specific to the antigen encountered, and the body can build a memory response to provide a faster and more robust response in the future.

Question 4

Which of the following selective immunosuppressants can cause an increase in serum cholesterol levels? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following selective immunosuppressants can...

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of acquired passive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Acquired passive immunity is when pre-made antibodies are transferred from another source, rather than being produced by the individual's own immune system. In this case, the antibodies are transferred from the mother to the baby through breast milk.

Question 6

You are teaching a patient who is beginning an antiproliferative drug about potential toxicities associated with this class of drugs. Which statement should be included in the teaching plan for this patient?

Accepted Answer

The answer of You are teaching a patient who is...

Question 7

A woman of childbearing age has just been prescribed an antiproliferative drug. What statement made by this patient alerts you to the need for additional teaching?

Accepted Answer

Antiproliferative drugs can be teratogenic or harmful to a fetus, so planning a pregnancy while on or shortly after stopping these medications is not advised. Patients should wait until the drug is completely cleared from their body, which may take longer than 6 months.

Question 8

Which diseases are infants and children immunized against? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Infants and children are typically immunized against diseases such as polio, varicella (chickenpox), and hepatitis B. Rabies and Lyme disease are not typically part of routine childhood immunizations, and there is no vaccine currently available for hepatitis C.

Question 9

An adult patient scheduled for a seasonal influenza vaccine presents to the clinic with complaints of an upper respiratory infection. He is also there for a flu shot. What is your best action?

Accepted Answer

It is recommended to wait until the respiratory infection resolves before administering the influenza vaccine. This helps to ensure that any potential adverse reactions can be attributed to the vaccine and not the infection. Additionally, the immune response to the vaccine may be better if given when the patient is not already fighting off another infection.

Question 10

Which statements made about vaccinations for artificial acquired active immunity are true? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Vaccinations for artificial acquired active immunity often require more than one injection, with smaller booster doses to maintain immunity. Reactions at the injection site are possible but typically minor, such as soreness or swelling. Vaccines are not limited to childhood and can be given throughout a person's life. Vaccines should not be administered during episodes of fever or illness. Vaccines are often used to protect populations against disease.

Question 11

An adult patient who is the recipient of a kidney transplant is prescribed the antirejection drug mycophenolate. What potential problem should you monitor this patient for?

Accepted Answer

Patients who receive antirejection drugs, such as mycophenolate, have a suppressed immune system. This places them at a higher risk for infections, so healthcare providers should monitor these patients for signs and symptoms of infection.

Question 12

Which of the following patients should receive a yearly influenza virus vaccine?

Accepted Answer

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), adults aged 65 years and older are at an increased risk for complications from influenza and should receive a yearly influenza vaccine. While everyone can benefit from receiving the vaccine, older adults are especially vulnerable to severe illness and hospitalization if they contract the flu.

Question 13

A pregnant woman presents for her regular obstetric appointment and requests to have the seasonal influenza vaccine. What is your best response?

Accepted Answer

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that pregnant women receive the influenza vaccine during any trimester of pregnancy as it has been shown to be safe and effective in preventing influenza and its complications. The vaccine does not contain a live virus and is therefore safe to receive during pregnancy.

Question 14

Which of the following are examples of a toxoid that has been modified to be used as a vaccine? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following are examples of...

Question 15

The parent of an infant you are caring for asks you for the correct schedule for the diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP) vaccine schedule. What is your best response?

Accepted Answer

The recommended schedule for the DTaP vaccine is at 2, 4, and 6 months of age, followed by boosters at 15-18 months and 4-6 years of age. Option B is too frequent and option C is too spread out. Option D is incorrect as the vaccine schedule begins during infancy, not when the child is ready for school.

Question 16

What instructions should be included in the teaching plan for patients taking the oral suspensions of sirolimus or cyclosporine? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Patients taking sirolimus or cyclosporine oral suspensions should mix the solution in a glass container and rinse the container with the same solution used to prepare it to ensure they receive the correct dose. They should also mix each drug with the recommended solution of milk or juice as instructed and not mix oral preparations together using only water. Additionally, grapefruit juice should be avoided as it can increase blood levels of some immunosuppressant drugs, including cyclosporine. There is no need to allow the prepared mixture to stand for one hour before taking the drug.

Question 17

An adult patient who has received the series of vaccines against hepatitis B asks you if immunity is now present against this disease. What is your best response?

Accepted Answer

Immunity to hepatitis B after vaccination is best determined by obtaining a blood titer. This test measures the level of hepatitis B surface antibody to confirm immunity. Completion of the vaccine series or the passage of time alone does not guarantee immunity.

Question 18

Which illnesses do the pneumococcal vaccine produce immunity against in infants and children? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

The pneumococcal vaccine produces immunity against meningitis and pneumonia, but not against rubella, pertussis, influenza, or pneumonitis.

Question 19

Which type of vaccine contains antigens that are killed by heat, radiation, or chemicals?

Accepted Answer

Inactivated vaccines contain antigens that have been killed by heat, radiation, or chemicals, so this is the best choice for the given question.

Question 20

Which statement made by an adult patient demonstrates understanding of the recommended Tdap vaccine booster schedule?

Accepted Answer

The recommended Tdap vaccine booster schedule for adults is every 10 years. Therefore, option C correctly demonstrates understanding of the booster schedule. Options A, B, and D are incorrect as they suggest booster intervals that are either too frequent or too infrequent.

Quiz 15: Drugs for Immunization and Immunomodulation