Question 1

Negative feelings and opinions about someone due to the group he or she belongs to are referred to as

Accepted Answer

Prejudice refers to negative feelings and opinions held about someone simply because they belong to a certain group. Discrimination refers to the act of treating someone unfairly because of their membership in a certain group. Ingroup/outgroup bias refers to favoring members of one's own group and having negative attitudes towards members of another group. Stereotypes are generalized beliefs about the characteristics of a group, which may or may not be accurate. While all of these concepts may be related, prejudice specifically refers to negative feelings towards a group.

Question 2

Mandy believes all engineers are unimaginative.Working on the literary magazine, she meets Josiah, who is an engineering major and a writer of fascinating short stories.Mandy is likely to handle this contradiction by deciding that

Accepted Answer

Mandy is likely to handle this contradiction by seeing Josiah as the exception to her preconceived notion that all engineers are unimaginative. This is known as the "exception fallacy", where one takes an individual who does not fit the stereotype and uses it to justify their original stereotype.

Question 3

When someone uses a stereotype, he or she is judging a person in terms of his or her

Accepted Answer

Stereotypes are based on assumptions about a person's group membership, rather than their individual qualities or personality.

Question 4

Given what you know about the role of gender in creating ingroup/outgroup biases, you could predict that the largest number of close friendship groups would be found in

Accepted Answer

The answer of Given what you know about the role...

Question 5

Which of the following statements is a reason why stereotypes tend to be maintained?

Accepted Answer

People tend to pay more attention to information that confirms their existing beliefs or stereotypes, rather than information that challenges them. This can lead to the maintenance and reinforcement of stereotypes.

Question 6

Lucia has just declared a major in engineering.You could predict that she will now see other engineering students as and see liberal arts students as .

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is explained by the outgroup homogeneity effect, where individuals see members of their own group (ingroup) as more diverse (unique individuals) and members of an outgroup as more similar to each other. Since Lucia is now an engineering student, she's likely to view other engineering students as unique individuals (her ingroup) and liberal arts students as very similar to each other (an outgroup).

Question 7

Inga is running for student body president.The night before the election, she and her opponent have a debate.In reviewing her performance, Inga is most likely to attribute her own errors to and to attribute her opponent's errors to .

Accepted Answer

This is due to the fundamental attribution error, where people tend to attribute their own mistakes to external factors (like confusing questions) and others' mistakes to internal factors (like poor debating skills).

Question 8

Nonverbal communication is so powerful that people have been able to accurately determine which of the following from viewing someone's body language?

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that observers can often predict the outcome of jury decisions based on the nonverbal behavior of the participants, indicating the powerful role of body language in conveying confidence, honesty, and other traits that may influence a jury's perception.

Question 9

Daiyu is a Chinese exchange student dating an American student, Zach.Which of them is likely to have a more holistic take on the other person's behavior, and why?

Accepted Answer

Daiyu, as an international student, is likely to have a more holistic perspective on Zach's behavior, taking into account both personal and situational factors. She may consider cultural differences, communication styles, and other contextual factors that could influence how Zach behaves. Zach, on the other hand, may be more focused on situational factors, such as the environment or specific events, rather than considering how Daiyu's background and experiences may affect her behavior.

Question 10

One neuroimaging study showed that in white participants, the amygdala is activated on exposure to pictures of black faces, producing negative responses, whereas frontal lobe activity indicating cognitive judgments activated more .

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is associated with quick, automatic, and emotional responses, while the frontal lobes are associated with slower, cognitive processing. Therefore, it would make sense that the amygdala would activate quickly on exposure to pictures of black faces, producing negative responses, while frontal lobe activity indicating cognitive judgments would activate more slowly.

Question 11

Ted has been assigned to work on a linguistics project with an older classmate, who is in her 40s.Ted is worried that his partner will not be as sharp and motivated as a younger student.He recognizes that this is a stereotype and works to suppress it.Research indicates that

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that inhibiting stereotyped thinking requires self-control and effort, but it is possible for individuals to work on suppressing their stereotypes. Option A is incorrect because research has shown that it is possible to reduce stereotyping. Option B oversimplifies the process of reducing stereotypes. Option D is incorrect because research has not supported the stereotype that older students are less motivated.

Question 12

By age , children can judge faces for their level of trustworthiness as well as adults can.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that by the age of 7, children are able to accurately judge the trustworthiness of faces just as well as adults can. While younger children may be able to make basic judgments about facial expressions and emotions, they are not as skilled at discerning more complex social cues.

Question 13

Professor Marcus believes that student athletes are lazy and incompetent.She always remembers the athletes in her class who were bad students, yet she doesn't remember the athletes in her class who are excellent students.In doing this, Professor Marcus has created that allows) her to her stereotype of student athletes.

Accepted Answer

Professor Marcus has formed illusory correlations by only remembering the athletes who fit her stereotype of being lazy and incompetent. By maintaining this stereotype, she is continuing to reinforce her illusory correlations.

Question 14

When Sinead meets Perry, she really likes him.When he tells her that he is on the basketball team, she decides that he must not have many intellectual or academic interests.Sinead's views are based on

Accepted Answer

Sinead is making a general assumption about Perry based on his membership in a particular group (basketball team). This is a classic example of a stereotype.

Question 15

In making causal attributions, people from Eastern cultures differ from those in Western cultures in that they are

Accepted Answer

People from Eastern cultures are more likely to consider situational factors in making causal attributions, whereas those from Western cultures tend to focus more on dispositional factors. This can be attributed to the individualistic vs. collectivistic cultural values in each society. Eastern cultures value interdependence and harmony within the group, leading to a focus on situational factors that may have contributed to a specific behavior or outcome. Meanwhile, Western cultures place a greater emphasis on independence and personal achievement, resulting in a tendency to attribute behavior to innate characteristics or traits.

Question 16

White participants were asked to decide, as rapidly as possible, whether an object that they had been briefly shown was a gun or a tool.Before seeing the picture, they were briefly shown a picture of either a black face or a white face.When participants saw a black face, they

Accepted Answer

When participants were primed with a black face, they were more likely to incorrectly identify tools as guns, demonstrating an implicit bias associating black faces with dangerous objects.

Question 17

When white participants in a psychology study were shown pictures of black faces, activation was observed immediately in the .With more time, the became activated.

Accepted Answer

This is because the amygdala is responsible for processing emotions, particularly fear and aggression, which are often associated with negative stereotypes of Black individuals. The activation in the frontal lobes would likely come later as the individual attempts to regulate their initial emotional response.

Question 18

People are randomly assigned to Groups A and B.Given what you have learned about minimal group paradigms, you could predict that the members of each group will

Accepted Answer

The minimal group paradigm suggests that even arbitrary and minimal categorization (such as being assigned to Group A or B) can lead to ingroup bias, where individuals favor members of their own group over members of the other group. Random assignment does not eliminate the possibility of ingroup bias, as individuals may still identify with their assigned group and exhibit favoritism towards its members.

Question 19

In making attributions about the behavior of people around them, people from Western cultures tend to use factors and people from Eastern cultures tend to use factors.

Accepted Answer

Western cultures often focus on personal or dispositional factors when explaining others' behavior, while Eastern cultures are more likely to consider both personal and situational factors.

Question 20

If Lisa is denied employment because of her weight, this incident is an example of

Accepted Answer

Discrimination is the act of unfairly treating a person or a group of people differently from other people or groups based on their characteristics, such as weight, race, gender, or religion. In this case, Lisa is being denied employment because of her weight, which is an act of discrimination. Prejudice refers to preconceived opinions, beliefs, or attitudes towards a person or a group of people, and it may or may not lead to discriminatory behavior. Ingroup/outgroup bias refers to the tendency to favor one's own group over others. Self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when one's expectations of a person or a group lead to behavior that confirms those expectations. While all of these concepts may be relevant in different situations, discrimination is the best choice for this particular scenario.

Quiz 12: Social Psychology