Question 1

In which type of learning do organisms learn the association between two stimuli?
A)Classical conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)Observational learning
D)Implicit learning

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is the type of learning in which organisms learn the association between two stimuli. It involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus to create a response. For example, if a bell is rung every time food is presented to a dog, eventually the dog will salivate at the sound of the bell alone, even without the presence of food.

Question 2

Jack regularly feeds his neighbor's dog,Oscar.He announces his arrival by ringing his bicycle bell and feeds Oscar mouth-watering treats.As Jack has been doing this for two weeks,every time he hears Jack's bicycle bell,Oscar begins salivating with the expectation of being fed.In this scenario,Oscar learns the response to the bicycle bell through _____.
A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)insight learning
D)modeling

Accepted Answer

Oscar's behavior of salivating at the sound of the bicycle bell is a classic example of classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (bicycle bell) becomes associated with a natural (saliva production) response through repeated pairing with a meaningful stimulus (food).

Question 3

Millie feels sick every time she travels by air.She associates flying with physical illness and,as a result,hates air travel.She also finds it difficult to watch movies with airplanes or read books about airplanes because they make her feel unwell.In this scenario,Millie is demonstrating learning through:
A)positive reinforcement.
B)classical conditioning.
C)observational learning.
D)implicit learning.

Accepted Answer

Millie is demonstrating classical conditioning, where she associates the neutral stimulus of air travel (which previously did not make her feel sick) with the unconditioned stimulus of physical illness, which results in her feeling sick every time she travels by air. This leads to the development of a conditioned response (feeling sick) every time she encounters a stimulus associated with air travel, such as movies or books about airplanes.

Question 4

Which of the following is true of behaviorism as a theory of learning?
A)Behaviorism focuses solely on unobservable behaviors.
B)Behaviorism places primary importance on mental activities such as thinking, wishing, and hoping.
C)Behaviorism maintains that the principles of learning are the same when talking about animals or humans.
D)Behaviorism maintains that learning occurs through the observation and imitation of behavior.

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism maintains that the principles of learning are the same across species. It focuses on observable behaviors rather than mental processes such as thinking or hoping, and learning occurs through reinforcement and conditioning rather than observation and imitation.

Question 5

Ryan,a five-year-old boy,receives a pat on the back every time he says "please" or "thank you." This encourages Ryan to use good manners as often as possible.In this scenario,Ryan demonstrates learning through:
A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)observational learning.
D)implicit learning.

Accepted Answer

Ryan is being positively reinforced through receiving a pat on the back for using good manners, which is an example of operant conditioning.

Question 6

Matt is visibly excited to see his father when his father comes home from work every evening.Now,he is equally excited when he hears his father's car in the driveway,because he associates this with his father coming home.In this scenario,Matt's behavior can best be explained by _____.
A)classical conditioning
B)observational learning
C)preparedness
D)imitation

Accepted Answer

Matt's behavior is being shaped through classical conditioning, a process in which a neutral stimulus (hearing the car in the driveway) is associated with a previously meaningful stimulus (his father coming home), resulting in a conditioned response (his excitement). Observational learning and imitation involve the observation of others' behavior, whereas preparedness refers to the biological predisposition to learn certain associations more easily than others.

Question 7

_____ is the process of learning the associations between two events.
A)Imitation
B)Conditioning
C)Preparedness
D)Insight

Accepted Answer

Conditioning is the process of learning the associations between two events. It involves pairing a neutral stimulus (such as a sound) with an unconditioned stimulus (such as food) to create a conditioned response (such as salivation at the sound of the bell). Imitation involves copying the actions of others, preparedness refers to an organism's predisposition to learn certain associations more easily than others, and insight involves reaching a solution through a sudden realization or understanding.

Question 8

_____ is the type of learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events.
A)Associative learning
B)Observational learning
C)Preparedness
D)Instinctive drift

Accepted Answer

Associative learning is the type of learning where an organism makes a connection between two events. This can be through classical or operant conditioning, where a behavior is learned through association with a stimulus or consequence. Observational learning involves learning through watching others, preparedness refers to the idea that some associations are easier for an organism to acquire than others due to evolutionary factors, and instinctive drift describes how instinctual behaviors can interfere with learned behaviors.

Question 9

Which of the following is true of modeling or observational learning?
A)In observational learning, the learner does not reproduce the actions of another person.
B)In observational learning, there is no relatively permanent change in behavior.
C)Observational learning is one way in which human infants acquire skills.
D)Observational learning helps the learner form associations between events.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning is a way in which human infants acquire skills by observing and imitating the actions of others.

Question 10

Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?
A)It is a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence.
B)It is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
C)It is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution.
D)It is a form of learning that occurs through observing and imitating another's behavior.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves the association of a neutral stimulus with an innately meaningful stimulus in order to elicit a similar response. This process was famously demonstrated by Pavlov's experiments with dogs, in which he rang a bell (the neutral stimulus) before giving the dogs food (the innately meaningful stimulus). Eventually, the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone, due to the association between the bell and the food.

Question 11

_____ was the Russian physiologist who demonstrated that neutral aspects of the environment can attain the capacity to evoke responses through pairing with other stimuli and that bodily processes can be influenced by environmental cues.
A)Ivan Pavlov
B)John B.Watson
C)B.F.Skinner
D)E.L.Thorndike

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is known for his experiments on classical conditioning, in which he showed that neutral stimuli can become associated with reflex responses through repeated pairings with other stimuli. This process of learning through association has been influential in psychology and neuroscience.

Question 12

Which of the following is true of learning through operant conditioning?
A)In operant conditioning, organisms learn the association between two stimuli.
B)In operant conditioning, organisms learn behaviors implicitly, without being reinforced.
C)In operant conditioning, organisms learn the association between behaviors and their consequences.
D)In operating conditioning, organisms learn to act by imitating others.

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which organisms learn the association between behaviors and their consequences. Through reinforcement or punishment, organisms learn to repeat or avoid certain behaviors in order to receive desirable outcomes or avoid undesirable ones. Option A is incorrect as classical conditioning is the type of learning in which organisms learn the association between two stimuli. Option B is incorrect as learning through operant conditioning requires reinforcement or punishment. Option D is incorrect as imitative learning is different from operant conditioning.

Question 13

_____ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
A)Classical conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)Observational learning
D)Insight learning

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. This was first introduced by Ivan Pavlov through his experiments with dogs.

Question 14

Tina's eyes water every time she chops onions.Her response is an example of a:
A)habit.
B)reflex.
C)conditioned response.
D)voluntary behavior.

Accepted Answer

Tina's response of watering eyes when chopping onions is a reflex, an involuntary and automatic response to the stimulus of the onion's compounds irritating the eyes.

Question 15

The type of learning that occurs through observing and imitating another person's behavior is called _____.
A)conditioning
B)preparedness
C)habituation
D)modeling

Accepted Answer

Modeling is the type of learning that occurs when an individual observes and imitates another person's behavior. Conditioning refers to the process of learning associations between stimuli and responses, while preparedness is the concept that certain associations are learned more easily than others due to evolutionary history. Habituation is the decrease in response to a repeated stimulus over time. Therefore, the best choice is D, modeling.

Question 16

Observational learning occurs _____.
A)when an organism makes a connection between two stimuli
B)when an organism learns the association between a behavior and a consequence
C)through the process of watching and imitating another's behavior
D)through the cognitive processes of reasoning and judgment

Accepted Answer

Observational learning involves watching and imitating another's behavior. Option A describes classical conditioning, while Option B describes operant conditioning. Option D relates to higher-level cognitive processes such as problem-solving and decision making.

Question 17

An unconditioned response is a(n):
A)unlearned reaction.
B)modeled behavior.
C)planned reaction.
D)punishment received for a behavior.

Accepted Answer

An unconditioned response is an innate, unlearned reaction to a specific stimulus. It is not a modeled behavior, planned reaction, or punishment received for a behavior.

Question 18

Learning is defined as:
A)a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
B)the organization and understanding of sensory information.
C)an individual's awareness of his or her own thoughts.
D)the growth of humans through the lifespan, from conception to death.

Accepted Answer

Learning refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior, which occurs through the process of experience. This change can be observable or not observable, and it can happen intentionally or unintentionally. It could be the result of incidents, events, or situations that we experience throughout our lives.

Question 19

Which of the following best exemplifies a reflex?
A)A child drinks water after eating spicy food
B)A woman puts her coat on before stepping out into the cold
C)A child runs out to watch a fire engine drive by
D)A man salivates while watching a chef fry sausages

Accepted Answer

A reflex is an automatic and involuntary response to a stimulus, in this case, the sight and smell of sausages. Salivating is a reflexive response to the expectation of food. The other options involve more conscious decision-making and awareness of the situation.

Question 20

Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as _____.
A)the result of mental activities such as thinking and reasoning
B)the relatively stable, observable changes in a person's actions
C)the encoding of information for the purpose of retention and retrieval
D)a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into a problem

Accepted Answer

Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective focus on observable changes in behavior as evidence of learning. Therefore, choice B, which defines learning as the relatively stable, observable changes in a person's actions, best represents this perspective.

Quiz 6: Learning

In which type of learning do organisms learn the association between two stimuli?

Which of the following is true of behaviorism as a theory of learning?

Ryan,a five-year-old boy,receives a pat on the back every time he says "please" or "thank you." This encourages Ryan to use good manners as often as possible.In this scenario,Ryan demonstrates learning through:

Matt is visibly excited to see his father when his father comes home from work every evening.Now,he is equally excited when he hears his father's car in the driveway,because he associates this with his father coming home.In this scenario,Matt's behavior can best be explained by _____.

_____ is the process of learning the associations between two events.

_____ is the type of learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events.

Which of the following is true of modeling or observational learning?

Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?

_____ was the Russian physiologist who demonstrated that neutral aspects of the environment can attain the capacity to evoke responses through pairing with other stimuli and that bodily processes can be influenced by environmental cues.

Which of the following is true of learning through operant conditioning?

_____ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Tina's eyes water every time she chops onions.Her response is an example of a:

The type of learning that occurs through observing and imitating another person's behavior is called _____.

Observational learning occurs _____.

An unconditioned response is a(n) :

Learning is defined as:

Which of the following best exemplifies a reflex?

Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as _____.