Question 1

The process of assigning causes to things that happen is called
A) schema therapy.
B) cognition.
C) internal reinforcement.
D) attribution.

Accepted Answer

Attribution is the process of assigning causes to events or behaviors, determining why things happen.

Question 2

Dana's mother suffers from serious depressive episodes. Dana is likely to
A) act in an aggressive, criminal manner.
B) become a happy-go-lucky child because she had to cope with so much.
C) be at risk for depression herself.
D) have intense attachments to her mother.

Accepted Answer

Dana is likely to be at risk for depression herself due to genetic and environmental factors associated with her mother's depressive episodes.

Question 3

According to cognitive theorists, a lot of information that contributes to a person's psychopathology
A) is processed at a conscious, intentional level.
B) is not processed at all.
C) is processed at a nonconscious level.
D) is processed only when in interpersonal relationships.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive theorists suggest that much of the information contributing to psychopathology is processed at a nonconscious level, meaning it influences thoughts and behaviors without the individual being fully aware of it.

Question 4

Schemas
A) are attempts to change other people's behavior.
B) are always types of biases that color our interpretation of the world.
C) do not really influence how we interpret the world.
D) may be a source of psychological vulnerability.

Accepted Answer

Schemas can influence how we perceive and interpret information, potentially leading to psychological vulnerability if they are maladaptive or distorted.

Question 5

The four parenting styles described in the text differ along two dimensions, warmth and control. The style associated with the most positive developmental outcome is best described as in warmth and ________ in control.
A) low; high
B) high; low
C) high; moderately high
D) low; moderately high

Accepted Answer

The authoritative parenting style, which is associated with the most positive developmental outcomes, is characterized by high warmth and moderately high control.

Question 6

From the cognitive-behavioral perspective, an important limitation with the behavioral perspective is the fact that
A) behaviorists held an overly stringent view of what constitutes scientific inquiry.
B) behaviorists failed to attend to the importance of mental processes.
C) behaviorists overemphasized the importance of subjective experience.
D) behaviorists went too far in attacking the psychoanalytic perspective.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive-behavioral perspective criticizes the behavioral perspective for neglecting the role of mental processes in understanding behavior.

Question 7

It is a hot day and a child sprays you with a garden hose. You might react with amusement and even thanks!) or considerable anger. The fact that one event can be interpreted in different ways is central to the ________ approach to therapy.
A) sociocultural
B) operant conditioning
C) classical conditioning
D) cognitive

Accepted Answer

The cognitive approach to therapy focuses on how people perceive, interpret, and think about events, which can lead to different emotional responses.

Question 8

The behavioral perspective has been criticized for
A) viewing basic human nature as good.
B) not providing an explanation for how abnormal behavioral responses are acquired.
C) its overemphasis on the use of punishment.
D) focusing on symptoms.

Accepted Answer

The behavioral perspective has been criticized for focusing on symptoms rather than underlying causes of behavior, which may lead to only temporary changes.

Question 9

Why is it difficult to determine the nature of the relationship between divorce and the psychological functioning of family members?
A) Cause and effect cannot be determined as preexisting behavioral abnormalities in either the parents or the children may make divorce more likely.
B) While the effects of divorce are negative on children, the effects on the spouses are generally positive.
C) Due to modern acceptance of divorce, there has been an ongoing decrease in the negative effects of divorce. As the impact of divorce has been decreasing, the effect of divorce on family functioning has become impossible to detect.
D) The findings have been too inconsistent for any conclusions to be drawn.

Accepted Answer

Preexisting behavioral abnormalities in family members can contribute to both the likelihood of divorce and psychological issues, making it difficult to establish a clear cause-and-effect relationship.

Question 10

Cognitive-behavioral psychologists believe that abnormal behavior
A) results from neurotic thought processes.
B) results from distorted thinking and information processing.
C) results from impaired patterns of interpersonal relationships.
D) consists of learned maladaptive response patterns.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive-behavioral psychologists focus on how distorted thinking and information processing can lead to abnormal behavior.

Question 11

A major factor associated with a child's rejection by peers is
A) a lack of empathy.
B) being too intelligent.
C) socioeconomic background.
D) overly aggressive behavior.

Accepted Answer

Overly aggressive behavior is a major factor that can lead to a child's rejection by peers, as it can disrupt social interactions and make it difficult for other children to form positive relationships with them.

Question 12

The effects of early social deprivation
A) are explained differently by the various psychosocial perspectives.
B) can't be explained by psychosocial theories.
C) are not seen when physical needs are adequately met.
D) have not been well-established.

Accepted Answer

Different psychosocial perspectives offer varying explanations for the effects of early social deprivation, considering factors like attachment, social learning, and cognitive development.

Question 13

Infant characteristics
A) can influence the quality of attachment relationships.
B) are not influenced by biological factors.
C) do not affect parental behavior.
D) only affect parental behavior when psychopathology is present.

Accepted Answer

Infant characteristics, such as temperament, can influence the quality of attachment relationships as they affect how parents respond and interact with their child.

Question 14

Which of the following statements regarding divorce and psychopathology is true?
A) The adverse effects of parental divorce are always temporary.
B) There is a positive correlation between psychopathology and divorce.
C) While a relationship between parental divorce and psychopathology has been established, there are no data to suggest that divorced persons experience an increased rate of psychopathology.
D) A causal relationship has been established between psychopathology and a parental divorce.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that there is a positive correlation between divorce and increased rates of psychopathology, meaning that individuals who experience divorce may have a higher likelihood of developing psychological issues.

Question 15

Sammy was deprived of his mother and father's love as a child. Operant conditioning theorists would believe his childhood would result in ; cognitive theorists would emphasize the deprivation's effect on _.
A) a lack of social skills; dysfunctional self-schemas
B) a lack of social skills; brain damage
C) conditioned avoidance responses; conditioned stimuli
D) fixation at the oral stage; a lack of attachment

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning theorists would focus on the lack of social skills due to the absence of reinforcement from parental love. Cognitive theorists would emphasize the development of dysfunctional self-schemas due to the deprivation of love.

Question 16

Abused children
A) are likely to develop close bonds with same-sex peers.
B) have a tendency to be passive and to avoid conflict with both peers and authorities.
C) tend to develop into resilient adults.
D) are likely to show inconsistent attachment behavior.

Accepted Answer

Abused children often experience inconsistent caregiving, leading to disorganized or inconsistent attachment behaviors as they struggle to form secure attachments.

Question 17

Which parental style is characterized by warmth, control, and communication?
A) neglectful-uninvolved
B) permissive/indulgent
C) authoritarian
D) authoritative

Accepted Answer

The authoritative parental style is characterized by a balance of warmth, control, and open communication, promoting independence while maintaining clear guidelines.

Question 18

An) serves to guide our processing of information and may serve to distort memories.
A) conditioned stimulus
B) schema
C) attribution
D) unconditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

A schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information, which can sometimes lead to memory distortion.

Question 19

A lack of social skills, poor school performance, and moodiness have all been associated with which of the following parenting styles?
A) permissive/indulgent
B) authoritative
C) authoritarian
D) neglectful-uninvolved

Accepted Answer

Neglectful-uninvolved parenting is characterized by a lack of responsiveness to a child's needs, which can lead to poor social skills, poor school performance, and moodiness in children.

Question 20

Lasting negative effects of abuse on psychological functioning are most likely when the abuse occurs in
A) old age.
B) adolescence.
C) early adulthood.
D) early childhood.

Accepted Answer

Abuse during early childhood is particularly damaging because it occurs during critical developmental periods, affecting brain development, emotional regulation, and attachment, leading to long-lasting psychological effects.

Quiz 2: Causal Factors and Viewpoints

The process of assigning causes to things that happen is called

Dana's mother suffers from serious depressive episodes. Dana is likely to

According to cognitive theorists, a lot of information that contributes to a person's psychopathology

Schemas

The four parenting styles described in the text differ along two dimensions, warmth and control. The style associated with the most positive developmental outcome is best described as in warmth and ________ in control.

From the cognitive-behavioral perspective, an important limitation with the behavioral perspective is the fact that

It is a hot day and a child sprays you with a garden hose. You might react with amusement and even thanks!) or considerable anger. The fact that one event can be interpreted in different ways is central to the ________ approach to therapy.

The behavioral perspective has been criticized for

Why is it difficult to determine the nature of the relationship between divorce and the psychological functioning of family members?

Cognitive-behavioral psychologists believe that abnormal behavior

A major factor associated with a child's rejection by peers is

The effects of early social deprivation

Infant characteristics

Which of the following statements regarding divorce and psychopathology is true?

Sammy was deprived of his mother and father's love as a child. Operant conditioning theorists would believe his childhood would result in ; cognitive theorists would emphasize the deprivation's effect on _.

Abused children

Which parental style is characterized by warmth, control, and communication?

An) serves to guide our processing of information and may serve to distort memories.

A lack of social skills, poor school performance, and moodiness have all been associated with which of the following parenting styles?

Lasting negative effects of abuse on psychological functioning are most likely when the abuse occurs in