Question 1

The fact that certain people, although at high risk for HIV infection, do not seroconvert, leads to the realization that CD4 and coreceptors were required for HIV infection. The coreceptors are

Accepted Answer

CXCR4 and CCR5 are the coreceptors required for HIV to enter and infect host cells.

Question 2

Neutralizing antibodies

Accepted Answer

Neutralizing antibodies target envelope proteins involved in viral entry, preventing the virus from infecting host cells.

Question 3

Highly active antiretroviral therapy includes at least

Accepted Answer

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) typically includes a combination of at least three antiretroviral drugs from two different categories to effectively suppress the HIV virus and prevent resistance.

Question 4

Which of the following is the way that HIV infects the cell?

Accepted Answer

HIV infects cells by the GP120 protein on the virus binding to the CD4 receptor and a co-receptor, usually CCR5 or CXCR4, on the host T cell.

Question 5

During infection, in what situations does the HIV patient have a very high viral load in the plasma?

Accepted Answer

During acute infection, the virus replicates rapidly, leading to a high viral load. At death, the immune system is severely compromised, allowing the virus to replicate unchecked, resulting in a high viral load.

Question 6

In HIV infection,

Accepted Answer

In HIV infection, the single-stranded RNA from the virus is reverse transcribed into DNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase, and this DNA is then integrated into the host genome.

Question 7

Factor(s) that make us think that an HIV vaccine may be of clinical benefit is(are)

Accepted Answer

The titer of antibodies against HIV is positively correlated with the length of the latent stage, and babies have an immature immune system and a shorter latent time.

Question 8

An improvement of the early screening tests for HIV includes the use of

Accepted Answer

Recombinant or highly purified antigens are used in improved early screening tests for HIV because they are more specific and sensitive than traditional antigens.

Question 9

The mutation rate of HIV is due to

Accepted Answer

The high mutation rate of HIV is primarily due to the reverse transcriptase enzyme, which lacks proofreading ability, leading to frequent errors during viral replication.

Question 10

The clinical classification of AIDs is based on

Accepted Answer

The clinical classification of AIDS is based on CD4+ T-cell counts, opportunistic infections, and malignancies.

Question 11

In terms of HIV, a provirus is the

Accepted Answer

A provirus refers to the viral DNA that has been integrated into the host cell's genome, which is characteristic of retroviruses like HIV.

Question 12

A positive ELISA result was obtained for a patient in Buffalo, New York. According to the CDC,

Accepted Answer

This is the recommended algorithm for confirming HIV antibody positivity.

Question 13

The western blot for HIV uses

Accepted Answer

The western blot for HIV involves electrophoresing HIV antigens into a polyacrylamide gel, which are then transferred to nitrocellulose for detection.

Question 14

HIV gp 120 binds to CD4 on

Accepted Answer

HIV gp120 binds to the CD4 receptor, which is present on T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, allowing the virus to infect these cells.

Question 15

Does HIV trigger an immune response?

Accepted Answer

HIV triggers both antibody and cell-mediated immune responses. The body produces antibodies against the virus, and cell-mediated immunity involves T cells that target and destroy infected cells.

Question 16

The CDC suggests the following to reduce the number of HIV cases

Accepted Answer

The CDC recommends an opt-out policy where patients are informed they will be tested for HIV unless they decline, which helps normalize testing and increase early detection.

Question 17

To test for HIV viral components during 2011,

Accepted Answer

Real-time RT-PCR is a molecular technique that was available in 2011 and could be used to detect HIV viral RNA, making it a suitable method for testing HIV viral components.

Question 18

The high mutation rate of HIV

Accepted Answer

The high mutation rate of HIV leads to rapid changes in its genetic makeup, complicating vaccine development and contributing to drug resistance.

Question 19

A person who is seronegative for HIV

Accepted Answer

A person who is seronegative for HIV might not have seroconverted yet, meaning they have been infected but their body hasn't produced detectable antibodies. They are currently testing negative for HIV.

Question 20

The number of new cases of HIV

Accepted Answer

Both A and C are correct. The number of new cases of HIV is stable in the United States, but it would decrease if more people who have HIV knew that they did so they can stop spreading it.

Quiz 16: Acquired Immunodeficiency Including Hiv and Aids