Question 1

Milo is dependent on alcohol. He has been consuming rum and beer on a daily basis for the past 20 years. Milo is most at risk for developing:
A)dyslexia.
B)Parkinson disease.
C)Alzheimer disease.
D)Korsakoff syndrome.

Accepted Answer

Korsakoff syndrome is a chronic memory disorder caused by severe deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1), often associated with alcohol misuse. Milo's long-term alcohol dependency puts him at risk for this condition.

Question 2

Emotional memory is the:
A)long-lasting increase in affective response after high-frequency stimulation.
B)linkage of two unrelated stimuli to produce an emotion.
C)mental storage of affective properties of stimuli or events.
D)ability to recall a traumatic memory.

Accepted Answer

Emotional memory refers to the mental storage of affective properties of stimuli or events, where emotions associated with certain experiences are remembered.

Question 3

Xenon gas has been shown to _____ in rats.
A)increase spatial learning
B)decrease implicit memory
C)reduce reconsolidation
D)improve spatial memory

Accepted Answer

Xenon gas has been shown to reduce reconsolidation in rats, which is the process of recalling and re-storing memories.

Question 4

Last week Jack kissed a girl for the first time. The _____ subdivision of the amygdala was critical in forming Jack's memory of that kiss.
A)lateral
B)central
C)basolateral
D)basomedial

Accepted Answer

The basolateral subdivision of the amygdala is involved in processing and storing emotional memories, such as the memory of a first kiss.

Question 5

Reconsolidation is:
A)a long-lasting increase in synaptic effectiveness after high-frequency stimulation.
B)the linkage of two unrelated stimuli to produce a behavior.
C)the process of stabilizing a memory trace after learning.
D)the process of restabilizing a memory trace after the memory is revisited.

Accepted Answer

Reconsolidation is the process of restabilizing a memory trace after it has been reactivated or revisited, allowing for the modification or strengthening of the memory.

Question 6

Long-term depression (LTD) involves repeated _____ electrical stimulation that results in a _____ in synaptic effectiveness.
A)high-frequency; long-lasting increase
B)low-frequency; long-lasting decrease
C)high-frequency; short-term decrease
D)high-frequency; long-lasting decrease

Accepted Answer

Long-term depression (LTD) is typically induced by low-frequency stimulation, leading to a long-lasting decrease in synaptic strength.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT part of your neural circuit for emotional memories?
A)amygdala
B)basal ganglia
C)hypothalamus
D)cerebellum

Accepted Answer

The cerebellum is primarily involved in motor control and coordination, not in processing emotional memories.

Question 8

In monkeys, cells in the prefrontal cortex will fire during a:
A)delayed-alternation task.
B)delayed matching-to-sample task.
C)delayed-response task.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Accepted Answer

Cells in the prefrontal cortex are involved in working memory and attention, and they will fire during tasks that require these cognitive processes, such as delayed-alternation, delayed matching-to-sample, and delayed-response tasks.

Question 9

Which neurotransmitter is needed to activate NMDA and AMPA receptors?
A)GABA
B)glutamate
C)acetylcholine
D)dopamine

Accepted Answer

Glutamate is the neurotransmitter that activates NMDA and AMPA receptors.

Question 10

Consolidation is:
A)a long-lasting increase in synaptic effectiveness after high-frequency stimulation.
B)the linkage of two unrelated stimuli to produce a behavior.
C)the process of stabilizing a memory trace after learning.
D)the process of restabilizing a memory trace after the memory is revisited.

Accepted Answer

Consolidation refers to the process of stabilizing a memory trace after learning, making it more resistant to disruption or forgetting.

Question 11

According to Mishkin and colleagues, which patient group would most likely have the worst implicit memory performance?
A)patients with Parkinson disease
B)patients with damage to the hippocampus
C)patients with damage to the prefrontal cortex
D)patients with Alzheimer disease

Accepted Answer

Patients with Parkinson's disease often have impaired implicit memory due to dysfunction in the basal ganglia, which is crucial for procedural and implicit memory processes.

Question 12

_____ occurs when two or more previously unrelated stimuli are linked to produce a behavioral response.
A)Associative learning
B)Short-term memory loss
C)Basal ganglia dysfunction
D)Epigenetic change

Accepted Answer

Associative learning is the process by which an association between two stimuli or a behavior and a stimulus is learned, leading to a behavioral response.

Question 13

The notion that memory storage might involve changes in the structure of synapses was first put forward by:
A)Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
B)Camillo Golgi.
C)Donald Hebb.
D)Wilder Penfield.

Accepted Answer

Santiago Ramón y Cajal was one of the first to propose that learning and memory might involve changes in the synapses, the connections between neurons.

Question 14

Early research with patient H. M. demonstrated that the hippocampus:
A)is the storage site for all long-term memories.
B)is the storage site for all short-term memories.
C)plays a critical role in memory consolidation.
D)plays no important role in memory.

Accepted Answer

Research with patient H.M. showed that the hippocampus is crucial for memory consolidation, as he could not form new long-term memories after its removal.

Question 15

Retrograde amnesia refers to information learned _____, while anterograde amnesia refers to information learned _____.
A)before the onset of memory loss; after the onset of memory loss
B)after the onset of memory loss; before the onset of memory loss
C)implicitly; explicitly
D)explicitly; implicitly

Accepted Answer

Retrograde amnesia affects memories formed before the onset of amnesia, while anterograde amnesia affects the ability to form new memories after the onset.

Question 16

Korsakoff syndrome results from a deficiency of:
A)neuritic plaques.
B)cholinergic cells.
C)thiamine.
D)glia cells.

Accepted Answer

Korsakoff syndrome is caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1), often associated with chronic alcoholism.

Question 17

Mishkin and his colleagues have hypothesized that the _____ is (are) central to implicit memory.
A)hippocampus
B)basal ganglia
C)frontal lobes
D)medial temporal cortex

Accepted Answer

The basal ganglia are thought to be central to implicit memory, which involves unconscious memory processes, such as skills and habits.

Question 18

Long-term potentiation (LTP) involves repeated _____ electrical stimulation that results in a _____ in synaptic effectiveness.
A)high-frequency; long-lasting increase
B)low-frequency; long-lasting decrease
C)high-frequency; short-term decrease
D)high-frequency; long-lasting decrease

Accepted Answer

LTP is a long-lasting increase in synaptic effectiveness that is induced by high-frequency electrical stimulation.

Question 19

A monkey is trained to remember the position of a light after it goes out. The activity of neurons in the prefrontal cortex will:
A)increase if the monkey forgets the position of the target.
B)decrease if the monkey correctly remembers the position of the target.
C)decrease if the monkey forgets the position of the target.
D)not fire differentially to correct or incorrect responses.

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal cortex is involved in working memory, and neuronal activity typically decreases when the monkey forgets the position of the target, as it fails to maintain the necessary information.

Question 20

During LTP, _____ enters postsynaptic NMDA receptors to begin a chain of events that leads to an increase in the number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors. A)Ca²⁺ B)Na⁺ C)Cl^- D)K⁺

Accepted Answer

During long-term potentiation (LTP), calcium ions (Ca²⁺) enter the postsynaptic neuron through NMDA receptors, which is crucial for initiating the signaling cascade that results in the insertion of more AMPA receptors into the postsynaptic membrane.

Quiz 14: How Do We Learn and Remember

Milo is dependent on alcohol. He has been consuming rum and beer on a daily basis for the past 20 years. Milo is most at risk for developing:

Emotional memory is the:

Xenon gas has been shown to _____ in rats.

Last week Jack kissed a girl for the first time. The _____ subdivision of the amygdala was critical in forming Jack's memory of that kiss.

Reconsolidation is:

Long-term depression (LTD) involves repeated _ electrical stimulation that results in a _ in synaptic effectiveness.

Which of the following is NOT part of your neural circuit for emotional memories?

In monkeys, cells in the prefrontal cortex will fire during a:

Which neurotransmitter is needed to activate NMDA and AMPA receptors?

Consolidation is:

According to Mishkin and colleagues, which patient group would most likely have the worst implicit memory performance?

_____ occurs when two or more previously unrelated stimuli are linked to produce a behavioral response.

The notion that memory storage might involve changes in the structure of synapses was first put forward by:

Early research with patient H. M. demonstrated that the hippocampus:

Retrograde amnesia refers to information learned _, while anterograde amnesia refers to information learned _.

Korsakoff syndrome results from a deficiency of:

Mishkin and his colleagues have hypothesized that the _____ is (are) central to implicit memory.

Long-term potentiation (LTP) involves repeated _ electrical stimulation that results in a _ in synaptic effectiveness.

A monkey is trained to remember the position of a light after it goes out. The activity of neurons in the prefrontal cortex will:

During LTP, _____ enters postsynaptic NMDA receptors to begin a chain of events that leads to an increase in the number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors.