Question 1

According to the Hull-Spence model of discrimination,the level of responding to a test stimulus in a generalization task is determined by ______.

Accepted Answer

The Hull-Spence model suggests that the response level to a test stimulus is determined by the net effect of conditioned excitation and inhibition generalized to that stimulus.

Question 2

An auditory stimulus (CS)is paired with ethanol (UCS)in rats in one context and is then extinguished in a second context.When the responding in the first context occurs following the presentation of the conditioned stimulus,this is called ______.

Accepted Answer

Resurgence is the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response when the context is changed.

Question 3

Which brain structures play an important role in occasion setting?

Accepted Answer

The dorsal hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex are involved in occasion setting, which involves contextual modulation of responses.

Question 4

In Sutherland and MacKintosh's theory of attention,the subject in a discrimination task discovers the relevant stimulus dimension on the basis of ______.

Accepted Answer

In Sutherland and MacKintosh's theory, attention in a discrimination task is based on the activation of perceptual analyzers, which help the subject identify the relevant stimulus dimension.

Question 5

An auditory stimulus (CS)is first paired with ethanol (UCS)in rats in one context.Once established,the auditory stimulus is then extinguished in a second context.When the rat is placed in the original context,what will occur?

Accepted Answer

This scenario describes the renewal effect, where extinction of a conditioned response in a different context does not transfer back to the original context, leading to the conditioned response being elicited again when the subject is returned to the original context.

Question 6

According to Kohler,______.

Accepted Answer

Kohler's theory suggests that we perceive and evaluate stimuli in relation to other stimuli, rather than in absolute terms.

Question 7

Livesey and McLaren conducted a study where they observed a peak shift in human subjects using multiple shades of green.Initially,subjects responded to the physical similarity of the stimulus.With additional training,they became aware of subtle differences of the stimuli and utilized a rule-based strategy.Livesey and McLaren believed respondents used ______ early in the testing and ______ later in the testing.

Accepted Answer

Initially, respondents used associative learning to respond to the physical similarity of the stimuli. Later, they shifted to cognitive processing as they became aware of subtle differences and used a rule-based strategy.

Question 8

In humans,errorless discrimination training has been demonstrated in ______.

Accepted Answer

Errorless discrimination training has been shown to be effective across various groups, including preschool children, children with difficulty detecting speech sounds, and individuals in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease.

Question 9

Racial,ethnic,and religious prejudices are examples of discrimination learning.

Accepted Answer

Discrimination learning refers to the ability to distinguish between different stimuli, not the prejudices or biases associated with race, ethnicity, or religion.

Question 10

There is an interchangeability of Pavlovian occasion setters and ______.

Accepted Answer

Discriminative stimuli, like Pavlovian occasion setters, signal the availability of reinforcement or punishment, making them interchangeable in certain contexts.

Question 11

When I go to one very popular fast-food restaurant,I need to stand in line before I get my food.However,I can go to a restaurant next door and not stand in line but do not do so.Why does this behavior occur?

Accepted Answer

The context of the popular fast-food restaurant acts as an occasion-setting stimulus, influencing your preference and leading you to choose it despite the line.

Question 12

Which is a stage of Sutherland and MacKintosh's explanation for discrimination learning?

Accepted Answer

Sutherland and MacKintosh's model suggests that during the first stage of discrimination learning, an individual's attention to the relevant dimension strengthens, which helps in distinguishing between different stimuli.

Question 13

Which of the following is correct?

Accepted Answer

Research in psychology often shows mixed results, with some studies supporting one theory and others supporting a different one, reflecting the complexity of human behavior and cognition.

Question 14

Excitation and inhibition gradually increase during the acquisition of a discrimination.This position is called ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Excitation and inhibition gradually increase during the...

Question 15

The Hull-Spence model predicts ______ with discrimination training than with nondiscrimination training.

Accepted Answer

The Hull-Spence model predicts a steeper generalization gradient with discrimination training because it enhances the ability to distinguish between stimuli, leading to a more pronounced response to the trained stimulus and less response to similar, non-trained stimuli.

Question 16

As is true of excitatory generalization,inhibition generalizes to stimuli quite dissimilar to the training stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of As is true of excitatory generalization,inhibition generalizes...

Question 17

I train a rat to discriminate between a circle and an octagon.Every time the rat presses the octagon switch,I give it a piece of cheese.Soon the rat chooses the octagon on every trial.Then I give the rat a choice between the original octagon and a significantly larger octagon.The rat then chooses the larger octagon.This is an example of ______.

Accepted Answer

The rat's choice of the larger octagon over the original one is an example of peak shift, where the animal shows a preference for a stimulus that is more exaggerated than the original conditioned stimulus.

Question 18

When individuals respond in different ways to different stimuli,the process of responding to some stimuli,but not others is called discrimination learning.

Accepted Answer

Discrimination learning involves learning to respond differently to various stimuli, recognizing which stimuli are associated with certain outcomes or responses.

Question 19

Lashley and Wade contend an inability to discriminate between the training and test stimuli is responsible for stimulus discrimination.

Accepted Answer

Lashley and Wade argue that stimulus discrimination is due to the ability to differentiate between stimuli, not an inability.

Question 20

A steep generalization gradient indicates that people respond greatly to stimuli not very similar to the training stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A steep generalization gradient indicates that people respond less to stimuli that are not very similar to the training stimulus, showing a narrow range of response.

Quiz 10: Stimulus Control of Behavior