Question 1

The greater the distress ______.
A)the less susceptible participants are to the creation of false memories by misinformation
B)the more information that is forgotten
C)the more susceptible participants are to the creation of false memories by misinformation
D)the more susceptible participants are to forgetting what they have observed

Accepted Answer

Distress can increase the likelihood of false memories being created due to misinformation, as stress can impair cognitive processes involved in accurately encoding and retrieving memories.

Question 2

Which of the following factors appears to influence the misinformation effect?
A)the number of times the misinformation is repeated
B)the person's confidence in the accuracy of the memory
C)the plausibility of the misinformation
D)all of these are correct

Accepted Answer

The misinformation effect is influenced by multiple factors, including the repetition of misinformation, the individual's confidence in their memory, and the plausibility of the misinformation. All these factors can contribute to the distortion of memory.

Question 3

In the study where participants read the folktale 'The War of the Ghosts,' participants ______.
A)deleted some aspects of the story
B)overemphasized some aspects of the story
C)added new material to the story
D)all of these answers are correct

Accepted Answer

Participants in the study often altered the story by omitting details, emphasizing certain aspects, and adding new material, demonstrating how memory can be reconstructive.

Question 4

What can be done to reduce the effects of misinformation?
A)nothing can be done
B)provide postevent warnings that misinformation was presented
C)provide preevent warnings that misinformation may be presented
D)repeat the new information several times

Accepted Answer

The answer of What can be done to reduce the...

Question 5

Postman contends ______.
A)interference creates undue mental demands that stop the recall of information
B)interference actually caused an increase in the second list responses
C)generalized competition was responsible for the inability to recall first list responses
D)interference actually had no impact on why the person could not recall the lists

Accepted Answer

Postman argued that generalized competition, rather than interference, was responsible for the inability to recall first list responses.

Question 6

A person is required to learn psychology.Then they are required to learn sociology.When sociology interferes with your ability to recall psychology,this is called ______.
A)deactivate interference
B)reactive interference
C)proactive interference
D)retroactive interference

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference occurs when new information (sociology) interferes with the ability to recall previously learned information (psychology).

Question 7

Individuals are asked to memorize list A,then list B,However,they often are unable to recall items from one of the lists depending on the task.According to Underwood,______.

A)proactive and retroactive interference created changes in the brain that cause forgetting
B)distinctiveness of memories will increase the level of interference
C)list differentiation was a source of the forgetting
D)none of these are correct

Accepted Answer

The answer of Individuals are asked to memorize list A,then...

Question 8

When a witness is interviewed by a person from the press and the interviewer provides additional information,what will happen with the witnesses recall?
A)They will ignore what the reporter said.
B)They will remember what the reporter said but it will not have an impact on their recall.
C)The information will be incorporated into the witnesses recall.
D)The information will be recalled and it will have the opposite effect on what the witness reports.

Accepted Answer

When a witness is provided with additional information by an interviewer, it can become incorporated into their memory, potentially altering their recall of the event. This is known as the misinformation effect.

Question 9

An alteration of memory to be consistent with the individuals view the world is called ______.
A)proactive learning
B)retroactive learning
C)systemic recall
D)memory reconstruction

Accepted Answer

Memory reconstruction refers to the process where memories are altered or reconstructed to fit an individual's beliefs or understanding of the world.

Question 10

In general,Bartlett's research suggests we construct memories ______.
A)based on qualifications of what people have said
B)based on the logic of the situation
C)based on inferences of what 'must have happened'
D)based on the way the questions were asked

Accepted Answer

Bartlett's research suggests that we construct memories based on inferences of what 'must have happened', as he proposed that memory is reconstructive and influenced by our existing knowledge and expectations.

Question 11

During the memory reconstruction process,what happens to the original memory?
A)It is forgotten.
B)It is recalled in total.
C)It is recalled but the person is uncertain whether the original reconstructed memory is accurate.
D)It is recalled and the person is certain which is the original memory and which is the reconstructed memory.

Accepted Answer

During memory reconstruction, the original memory is recalled, but the person may be uncertain about the accuracy of the reconstructed memory due to the influence of new information or biases.

Question 12

Which of the following is correct?
A)Strong negative emotions and positive emotions can make one susceptible to misinformation.
B)Strong negative emotions but not positive emotions can make one susceptible to misinformation.
C)Strong positive emotions but not negative emotions can make one susceptible to misinformation.
D)Emotions have no impact on misinformation.

Accepted Answer

Both strong negative and positive emotions can influence cognitive processing, potentially making individuals more susceptible to misinformation by affecting attention, memory, and judgment.

Question 13

Which view of interference provides a mechanism for the effective recency of behavior?
A)decay
B)display
C)list differentiation
D)generalized competition

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which view of interference provides a mechanism...

Question 14

Repressed memories are ______.
A)memories that are created when additional information is provided by a counselor
B)memories about childhood experiences that were traumatic but were blocked out
C)memories about adult experiences that were traumatic but recalled at a later date
D)memories about childhood experiences that were traumatic but never recalled

Accepted Answer

Repressed memories refer to memories of traumatic childhood experiences that have been unconsciously blocked from conscious awareness.

Question 15

According to Postman,generalized competition means ______.
A)a massive amount of interference is caused by spreading activation in the long-term store
B)the inability to find the correct retrieval results to information in the long-term store
C)a set or disposition to continue to respond in the manner learned most recently
D)disruptive influence of language on the learning of paired associate tasks

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Postman,generalized competition means ______.
A)a massive...

Question 16

According to Loftus,______.
A)trial witnesses try to help out either the prosecution or defense
B)trial witnesses recall what they believe they saw or heard
C)trial witnesses accurately recall the information,but become confused when they are describing the information
D)trial witnesses do not recall any information

Accepted Answer

Loftus's research suggests that trial witnesses often recall what they believe they saw or heard, which may not always be accurate due to memory distortions or biases.

Question 17

The effects of misinformation to alter memory ______.
A)do not occur
B)are short term
C)are long-lasting
D)are forgotten

Accepted Answer

Misinformation can lead to long-lasting alterations in memory, as false information can become integrated into a person's recollection of an event.

Question 18

One of the first individuals to contend that memory of experiences was often inaccurate was ______.
A)Sir Frederic Bartlett
B)Underwood
C)Hull
D)Loftus

Accepted Answer

Sir Frederic Bartlett was one of the first to argue that memory is reconstructive and often inaccurate, as demonstrated in his work on the "War of the Ghosts" experiment.

Question 19

Jack goes to a social event.While there he meets new people over the course of the evening.However,the new people he is meeting later in the evening are interfering with his name recall of people he met earlier in the evening.This is an example of ______.
A)reactive interference
B)retroactive interference
C)proactive interference
D)name recall interference

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with the ability to recall older information.

Question 20

A person is driving and comes to an intersection where they see a deer.After driving past the deer,a policeman pulls them over.After the standard questions,the policeman asks them if they had seen an elk on the road.The person says 'no' and goes upon their way.One week later,the same person is pulled over by another policeman.The second policeman asks the person if they had seen an elk the previous week.Forty percentage of the time,what will the person's response be?
A)They had seen a deer.
B)They had seen a cow.
C)They had seen an elk.
D)They had not seen anything.

Accepted Answer

The person is likely to lie to the second policeman about seeing an elk, as they lied to the first policeman about seeing a deer.

Quiz 13: Memory Retrieval and Forgetting

The greater the distress ______.

Which of the following factors appears to influence the misinformation effect?

In the study where participants read the folktale 'The War of the Ghosts,' participants ______.

What can be done to reduce the effects of misinformation?

Postman contends ______.

A person is required to learn psychology.Then they are required to learn sociology.When sociology interferes with your ability to recall psychology,this is called ______.

Individuals are asked to memorize list A,then list B,However,they often are unable to recall items from one of the lists depending on the task.According to Underwood,______.

When a witness is interviewed by a person from the press and the interviewer provides additional information,what will happen with the witnesses recall?

An alteration of memory to be consistent with the individuals view the world is called ______.

In general,Bartlett's research suggests we construct memories ______.

During the memory reconstruction process,what happens to the original memory?

Which of the following is correct?

Which view of interference provides a mechanism for the effective recency of behavior?

Repressed memories are ______.

According to Postman,generalized competition means ______.

According to Loftus,______.

The effects of misinformation to alter memory ______.

One of the first individuals to contend that memory of experiences was often inaccurate was ______.

Jack goes to a social event.While there he meets new people over the course of the evening.However,the new people he is meeting later in the evening are interfering with his name recall of people he met earlier in the evening.This is an example of ______.