Question 1

Ray is someone who thinks he is always right.Because he has a confirmation bias, and only looks for evidence supporting his beliefs, he thinks he has been correct more times than he actually has.This is referred to as ______.

Accepted Answer

Illusory correlation refers to the perception of a relationship between two variables when no such relationship exists, often due to confirmation bias, as in Ray's case.

Question 2

There are many cultural reasons that explain why people do not recognize that they have symptoms of an illness.Often, a long time passes from a symptom occurrence to its being recognized as a problem.This can be harmful and is referred to as ______.

Accepted Answer

Appraisal delay refers to the time taken for an individual to recognize that a symptom is a sign of illness and needs medical attention.

Question 3

Tony monitors his symptoms to an extreme level and makes repeated trips to the doctor for the smallest symptom.At his last appointment his doctor told him that his health was fine, but he found a new doctor because he didn't believe that he was all right.He is likely to ______.

Accepted Answer

Tony's behavior of excessively monitoring symptoms and seeking medical reassurance despite being told he is healthy is characteristic of hypochondriasis.

Question 4

Research by Chowdhury, Islam, Gulshan, and Chakraborty (2007) has shown that ______.

Accepted Answer

The research by Chowdhury et al. (2007) indicated that younger mothers are less likely to seek professional healthcare at the time of birth compared to older mothers.

Question 5

A patient's attitude toward self-care and the extent to which they want to be a part of their treatment is referred to as the level of ______.

Accepted Answer

Behavioral involvement refers to the degree to which a patient wants to be involved in their own treatment and self-care activities.

Question 6

In many ______ communities, children with vision problems are not given glasses so that the child and his or her siblings will attract spouses with good vision or from highly valued families.

Accepted Answer

Orthodox Jewish communities often arrange marriages for their children, and they believe that children with good vision are more likely to attract spouses from highly valued families.

Question 7

Monae didn't think she was sick, and are she ignored all the symptoms of her breast cancer.She only looked for evidence that she was healthy.This is called ______.

Accepted Answer

Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek out information that confirms one's existing beliefs or hypotheses, while ignoring or discounting information that contradicts them. In this case, Monae was ignoring all the symptoms of her breast cancer and only looking for evidence that she was healthy. This is an example of confirmation bias.

Question 8

The varying ways that individuals respond to physiological symptoms, monitor internal states, recognize symptoms, and utilize health care are all considered ______.

Accepted Answer

Illness behaviors refer to the ways individuals perceive, evaluate, and act upon their symptoms, including how they monitor their internal states and decide to seek medical care.

Question 9

In many cultures, spiritual healers are typically consulted first for all illnesses, but especially for ______.

Accepted Answer

Spiritual healers are often consulted for ailments believed to have a spiritual or emotional component, such as emotional trauma.

Question 10

Some people are more sensitive to their health states than others.They often feel greater discomfort because of their increased vigilance.They score high in ______.

Accepted Answer

Private body consciousness refers to the tendency to be aware of and attentive to internal bodily sensations, which can lead to increased sensitivity to health states and discomfort.

Question 11

A major cultural difference in the reporting and perception of physical symptoms is that ______.

Accepted Answer

Women are generally more likely than men to report physical symptoms and seek medical help, which is a well-documented cultural difference in health behavior.

Question 12

When Wayne found received his colon cancer diagnosis, he was in denial.He went through chemotherapy and took medications as prescribed.He never asked any questions when seeing his oncologist; his wife often accompanied him to his appointments and did more of the talking.Wayne is considered to be low in ______.

Accepted Answer

Wayne is considered to be low in informational involvement because he does not actively engage or ask questions about his treatment during his medical appointments.

Question 13

Perhaps the most common individual factor that influences the recognition of symptoms and the seeking of treatment is ______.

Accepted Answer

Personality is a significant individual factor that influences how people recognize symptoms and decide to seek treatment, as it affects their health perceptions and behaviors.

Question 14

Very often we do not realize or recognize the true causes of our symptoms.If you have been very stressed, and start putting on weight because of it, you may first instead blame a new diet.The underlying psychological process is known as ______.

Accepted Answer

Misattribution occurs when individuals incorrectly identify the cause of their symptoms or feelings, attributing them to an unrelated factor instead of the actual cause, such as stress.

Question 15

Snell (1962) found that African Americans who believed they have been "hexed" could be treated effectively by a psychiatrist using hypnosis, even when the psychiatrist did not believe in hexing.This is an example of ______.

Accepted Answer

A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when a belief or expectation, whether correct or not, affects a person's behavior in such a way that it causes the belief to become true. In this case, the belief in being "hexed" led to symptoms that could be alleviated through hypnosis, even if the hex itself was not real.

Question 16

Leanne has recently been getting stomachaches in the evening and explains the pain as being caused by the gluten in her diet.This is an example of ______.

Accepted Answer

Leanne is making an attribution by identifying gluten as the cause of her stomachaches, which is an explanation for her symptoms.

Question 17

Hmong Americans consider epilepsy to be ______.

Accepted Answer

In Hmong culture, epilepsy is often seen as a spiritual condition, and those who have seizures may be considered to have the potential to become a shaman.

Question 18

The Commonsense Model is based on the parallel processes of how we use ______ to guide our behavior.

Accepted Answer

The Commonsense Model is based on the parallel processes of thinking and feeling to guide behavior, as it involves cognitive and emotional responses to health threats.

Question 19

People who spend a lot of time in the sun or in tanning booths may know about the dangers of UV rays, but ignore them.Even if they start developing brown spots, a possible symptom of the early stages of skin cancer, they might tell themselves that they are more likely to freckle and will point to how good they feel as further evidence to support that they are not getting skin cancer.They would be using ______.

Accepted Answer

They are using confirmation bias, as they are focusing on information that supports their belief that they are not at risk of skin cancer, while ignoring evidence that contradicts it.

Question 20

Evidence suggests that the underutilization of medical resources by Asian Americans is caused by ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Evidence suggests that the underutilization of medical...

Quiz 9: Factors Surrounding Illness: Illness Cognitions, Adherence, and Patient-Practitioner Interactions